1Doctoral Candidate, College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
2Lecturer, School of Nursing, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
3Professor, School of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
Copyright © 2021 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing
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Variables | Categories | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Publication year | <2010 | 15 (75.0) |
≥2010 | 5 (25.0) | |
|
||
Research design | Quantitative study | |
Cross-sectional, correlational design | 14 (70.0) | |
Methodological design | 3 (15.0) | |
Secondary data analysis | 1 (5.0) | |
Quasi-experimental design | 1 (5.0) | |
Mixed-method study | 1 (5.0) | |
|
||
Participants | Male | 8 (40.0) |
Female | 1 (5.0) | |
Male and female | 11 (55.0) | |
|
||
Sample size | <300 | 5 (25.0) |
≥300 & ≤500 | 7 (35.0) | |
>500 | 8 (40.0) | |
|
||
Variables* | ||
Condom-related factors | ||
Use of condoms (consistent and correct use) | 5 (25.0) | |
Attitude | 11 (55.0) | |
Knowledge (including benefits of condom use) | 4 (20.0) | |
Condom efficacy and self-confidence | 12 (60.0) | |
Intention and preference | 10 (50.0) | |
|
||
Factors related to non-condom-related knowledge and attitudes | ||
Sexual behavior | 6 (30.0) | |
ECP | 3 (15.0) | |
STIs/AIDS | 11 (55.0) | |
HPV vaccine | 2 (10.0) | |
|
||
Other factors | ||
Communication | 2 (10.0) | |
Optimism bias | 1 (5.0) | |
Subjective norms | 4 (20.0) |
AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CSE, condom self-efficacy scale; CSE-K, condom self-efficacy scale-Korean; CSS, confidence in safer sex; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TPB, theory of planned behavior; TTM, trans-theoretical model.
Variables | Instrument [article number]* | |
---|---|---|
Condom-related factors | Use of condoms |
Condom use questionnaire [A13] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A1,A2,A9,A11] |
Attitudes |
CAS [A3,A10] College students’s condom attitude scale [A5,A11] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7,A16-A19] UCLA MCAS [A4] |
|
Knowledge |
Benefits of condom use and barriers to condom use [A15] Knowledge about condoms [A5] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A16,A18] |
|
Condom efficacy and self-confidence |
CES-K [A1] Condom use self-efficacy scale [A5] Condom self-efficacy scale [A2,A3] Condom self-efficacy scale [A15] Condom self-efficacy measure [A13] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7,A13,A17] SES [A13] The benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy measurement tool [A8] |
|
Intention and preference |
Intention of sexual behavior scale [A1-A3] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7,A12,A15,A16,A19] Intention to use a condom scale [A4] |
|
|
||
Factors related to non-condom-related knowledge and attitudes | Sexual behavior |
Sex-role attitude scale [A9] Sexual attitude scale [A9] Sexual autonomy scale [A9] Sexual knowledge scale [A9] Perceived risk of sexual behavior questionnaire [A5] Perceived risk of sexual behavior questionnaire developed by authors [A3] |
ECP |
Intent to use ECP question developed by authors [A11] ECP attitude scale [A11] |
|
STIs/AIDS |
AIDS knowledge questionnaire [A13] AIDS knowledge questionnaire [A9] Attitude and behaviors toward AIDS [A20] Knowledge of AIDS questionnaire developed by authors [A17,A18] Knowledge of STIs/AIDS questionnaire developed by authors [A19] Knowledge-on-ECPs scale [A11] Misconceptions about protective STI fact sheet [A17] Other perceived severity to STIs/AIDS questionnaire developed by authors [A17-A19] Susceptibility to STIs/AIDs & pregnancy scale [A15] |
|
HPV vaccine |
HPV attitude questionnaire developed by the authors [A12] Intent to get HPV vaccinated developed by the author [A12] |
|
|
||
Others | Communication | Parent-adolescent communication scale [A2,A3] |
Optimism bias | Optimistic bias scale [A13] | |
Subjective norms |
Subjective norm questionnaire [A15] SRBBS [A3] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7] |
*Article number derived from Table 1;
AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CAS, condom attitude scale; CSE-K, condom self-efficacy scale-Korean; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; SES, self-efficacy scale; SRBBS, sexual risk behavior belief and self-efficacy scale; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UCLA MCAS, The University of California at Los Angeles multidimensional condom attitude scale.
Articles Reviewed in this Study (N=20)
No. | Authors (year) | References | Gough’s WOE (a-b-c-d) |
---|---|---|---|
A1 | Cha ES, Kim KH, Burke LE. | Psychometric validation of a condom self-efficacy scale in Korean. Nursing Research. 2008;57(4):245–251. | H-H-H-H |
A2 | Cha ES, Kim KH, Doswell WM. | Influence of the parent-adolescent relationship on condom use among South Korean male college students. Nursing and Health Sciences. 2007:9(4):277–283. | H-H-M-H |
A3 | Cha ES, Kim KH, Patrick TE. | Predictors of intention to practice safer sex among Korean college students. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2008;37(4):641–651. | H-H-H-H |
A4 | Cho EJ. | Effects of sex education on condom attitudes and condom use intention among undergraduate students –Dramaturgical interaction approach. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing. 2006;17(2):223–234. | H-H-H-H |
A5 | Cho JY, Ham MY, Nam BW, Ryu EJ. | Predictors of condom attitude in Korean college students. Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society. 2009;11(6):3041–3056. | H-H-M-H |
A6 | Hur TK, Cho JE. | Condom negotiation strategies of Korean college students: Interactive perspective of sexual-risk behavior. Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues. 2007;13(1):43–61. | H-H-M-H |
A7 | Hur TK, Han M, Kim YS. | Gender differences of risk-taking decisions in sexual behaviors: Condom use and Theory of Planned Behavior. Korean Journal of Women Psychology. 2004;9(3):69–87. | H-H-M-H |
A8 | Jeong AS, Kim HS. | Development and validation of benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy measurement tools for condom use among college students. Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society. 2018;20(3):1519–1536. | H-H-H-H |
A9 | Jun E, Shin HG. | Factors influencing condom use in male college students. Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society. 2016;18(6):3395–3408. | H-H-M-H |
A10 | Kang HS, Chang SB. | Development of college students’ condom attitude scale. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2004;34(5):751–759. | H-H-M-H |
A11 | Kang HS, Moneyham L. | Use of emergency contraceptive pills and condoms by college students: A survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2008;45(5):775–783. | H-H-M-H |
A12 | Kang HS, Moneyham, L. | Attitudes toward and intention to receive the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination and intention to use condoms among female Korean college students. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):811–816. | H-H-M-H |
A13 | Kwon SY, Lee DS. | Effect of AIDS knowledge, self esteem, sense of control and optimistic bias on condom use among male college students. Journal of Digital Convergence. 2018;16(1):251–262. | H-H-H-H |
A14 | Kwon YM, Yeun EJ, Kim HY, Youn MS, Cho JY, Lee HJ. | Application of the transtheoretical model to identify aspects influencing condom use among Korean college students. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2008;30(8):991–1004. | H-H-M-H |
A15 | Lee HK. | Predictors of condom use intentions according to experience of sexual intercourse in male college students. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2010;16(2):194–203. | H-H-M-H |
A16 | Park SH, Han JH. | Study on the factors influencing the preference to use condoms in male college students. Journal of Korean Society for Health Statistics. 2000;25(1):59–66. | H-H-M-H |
A17 | Park SH, Lim DO. | Factors influencing the self-confidence of using condoms in male college students. Journal of Korean Public Health Association. 2002;28(1):66–71. | H-H-M-H |
A18 | Park SH, Lim DO, Han JH. | Factors influencing the attitudes toward condom use in male college students. Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Population. 2003;16:57–62. | H-M-M-M |
A19 | Park SH, Lim DO, Lee BK, Han JH. | Study on the attitudes toward condoms and STIs/AIDS in male college students. Journal of Reproductive Medicine and Population. 2002;15:46–55. | M-M-M-M |
A20 | Sohn A, Chun SS. | Gender differences in sexual behavior and condom-related behaviors and attitudes among Korean youths. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2007;19(2):45–52. | M-H-M-M |
H, high; L, low; M, medium; WOE, weight of evidence.
General Characteristics of Reviewed Papers (N=20)
Variables | Categories | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Publication year | <2010 | 15 (75.0) |
≥2010 | 5 (25.0) | |
| ||
Research design | Quantitative study | |
Cross-sectional, correlational design | 14 (70.0) | |
Methodological design | 3 (15.0) | |
Secondary data analysis | 1 (5.0) | |
Quasi-experimental design | 1 (5.0) | |
Mixed-method study | 1 (5.0) | |
| ||
Participants | Male | 8 (40.0) |
Female | 1 (5.0) | |
Male and female | 11 (55.0) | |
| ||
Sample size | <300 | 5 (25.0) |
≥300 & ≤500 | 7 (35.0) | |
>500 | 8 (40.0) | |
| ||
Variables | ||
Condom-related factors | ||
Use of condoms (consistent and correct use) | 5 (25.0) | |
Attitude | 11 (55.0) | |
Knowledge (including benefits of condom use) | 4 (20.0) | |
Condom efficacy and self-confidence | 12 (60.0) | |
Intention and preference | 10 (50.0) | |
| ||
Factors related to non-condom-related knowledge and attitudes | ||
Sexual behavior | 6 (30.0) | |
ECP | 3 (15.0) | |
STIs/AIDS | 11 (55.0) | |
HPV vaccine | 2 (10.0) | |
| ||
Other factors | ||
Communication | 2 (10.0) | |
Optimism bias | 1 (5.0) | |
Subjective norms | 4 (20.0) |
*Multiple results;
AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; STI, sexually transmitted infection.
Summary of Studies Included in the Integrative Review (N=20)
Author (year) | Design | Purpose | Outcome variables | Key findings | Implications | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Research design | Sample size | Participants | |||||
Cha et al. (2008a) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 351 | Unmarried students aged 18-25 years | To validate the psychometric properties of the CSE | Confidence to use condoms, intention of condom use, use of condoms | The CSE was shown to be an appropriate instrument to access youths’ sexual behavior. The findings revealed that participants with high CSE-K scores showed significantly higher scores for intention to use condoms and a higher rate of actual condom use. | The CSE-K was a reliable and valid measurement to measure condom self-efficacy among Korean college students. |
Cha et al. (2007) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 170 | Male students aged 18-25 years | To examine the mediating effect of condom self-efficacy between the parent–adolescent relationship and the intention to use condoms | Parent-adolescent communication, condom efficacy, and intention of condom use | As a result of predicting the intention to use condoms, there was a direct association between mother-son communication and condom self-efficacy. However, communication between father and son had an indirect effect on the intention to use condoms. | When young students had good relationships with their parents, they were more likely to intend to use condoms and actually use condoms. Thus, when developing condom education programs, we should consider culture-specific, and family-based aspects. |
Cha et al. (2008b) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 298 | College students | To examine the efficacy of the TPB among college students on intentions of condom use | Variables derived from the TPB (attitude, subjective norm to use condoms, perceived behavioral control, intention), parent-adolescent communication, and perceived risk of sexual behavior | Older students had high condom efficacy and relatively high perception of peer norms for using condoms. All TPB components significantly predicted intention of condom use for male students, but only condom attitude and condom efficacy for female students. Also, the quality of parent-adolescent communication significantly predicted higher condom efficacy only for male students. | The TPB model was adequate for explaining the intention to use condoms among Korean youths. However, this study showed that condom education programs for safer sex need to be developed differently by gender. |
Cho (2006) | Quasi-experimental design | 94 | College students | To identify the effect of sexual health education through dramaturgical interaction on attitudes and intentions to use condoms | Condom attitudes Condom use intention | Female participants showed significant positive changes in reliability and effectiveness and embarrassment about negotiation and use. No significant difference was found in intention to use condoms. | Sexual education should include both men and women, and target both cognitive and behavioral aspect among young adults within the community. |
Cho et al. (2009) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 349 | College students | To identify sexual behavior and predictors of condom attitudes by measuring the attitudes, self-efficacy, knowledge, and perceived risk of condom use in sexual relationships | Attitudes, self-efficacy, knowledge, perceived risk of condom use | Predictors of condom use were gender, condom use experience, pregnancy experience, smoking, and self-efficacy. In other words, female students, those always using condoms, no pregnancy experience, and those with higher self-efficacy for using condoms showed more positive attitudes. | Male students, those with no experience of using condoms, and non-smokers had low condom use attitude scores, indicating negative attitudes toward condom use. Therefore, sex education for them is necessary. |
Hur and Cho (2007) | Mixed-method study | 186 | College students | To categorize condom-negotiation strategies and preferences of Korean college students and examine the relationship between strategies and other sex-related concepts | Perceived behavioral control in condom use, condom-related attitudes, subjective norms, intention of condom use, condom negotiation strategies | Seven types of persuasion strategies for condom use and six types of persuasion strategies for condom avoidance were abstracted. Condom attitudes and intention were positively correlated with withholding sex strategies. | It is necessary to strengthen condom negotiation strategies to protect oneself from others rather than focusing on ethical content in sex education. |
Hur et al. (2004) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 201 | College students | To investigate the gender differences of risk-taking decisions making in sexual behaviors, particularly condom use during sexual intercourse | Perceived behavioral control in condom use, condom-related attitudes, subjective norms, intention of condom use | Condom-related attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived controllability were found to significantly influence intention of condom use, while perceived controllability only influenced intention in males. | The results showed that attitudes, norms, and control all influenced intention, as in the TPB. In particular, it was confirmed that there were differences in factors affecting intention according to gender. |
Jeong and Kim (2018) | Methodological design | 163 | College students | To examine the validity and reliability of the developed instrument and to measure the benefits of condom use, barriers, and self-efficacy among health belief factors | Condom use beliefs | The developed instrument is proposed to be useful to measure condom-use beliefs for college students in Korea. | This instrument is considered to be useful to measure the condom-use beliefs of Korean undergraduate students. It can be used to measure the effectiveness of future interventions. |
Jun and Shin (2016) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 156 | Male college students | To examine the factors that influence condom use targeting male college students | Sex-role attitudes, sexual attitudes, sexual knowledge, AIDS knowledge, sexual autonomy, condom use | Levels of condom use of participants were identified by number of dates, number of sex partners, and sexual attitudes. Condom use had a significant positive correlation with sexual attitudes. The more positive the sexual attitudes, the greater number of dates, and the fewer sexual partners, the more condom use. |
When planning sex education among male students, it is necessary to include content that can form a positive sexual attitude. This will increase the use of condoms. |
Kang and Chang (2004) | Methodological design | 631 | College students who have had sexual experience over the past year | To design and evaluate a scale to measure attitudes toward condom use in a sexual relationship | Condom attitudes | The Condom Attitude Scale developed by authors was shown to be an appropriate instrument to access youth’s condom attitudes. The scale is composed of three factors: interruption of sexual pleasure; protection; and image. Consistent condom users had more positive condom attitudes. | The Condom Attitude Scale was a reliable and valid instrument to measure attitudes toward condom among Korean college students. |
Kang and Moneyham (2008) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 1,046 | College students | To examine the intentions, knowledge, and attitudes of college students on the use of ECPs and condoms | Intent to use ECPs and condoms, knowledge about ECPs, and attitudes toward ECPs and condoms | College students have lack of knowledge of ECPs and misconception about the safety of their use. Accurate information is important in changing attitudes toward ECPs and condoms. The intention to use ECP correlated with the intention to use condoms and with attitudes toward condoms. | Efforts are needed to disseminate the latest information to the students and develop education to enable youths to make informed decisions on use of ECPs and condoms. |
Kang and Moneyham (2010) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 1,359 | Female college students | To evaluate the attitudes toward and intention to receive HPV vaccination and intention of condom use and investigate the relationships among the variables | Attitudes toward the HPV vaccine, intention to receive HPV vaccination, and intention to use condoms | Most young women did not receive the HPV vaccine and were not willing to get vaccinated. However, the willingness for vaccination was highest when it was recommended by clinicians. Positive attitudes towards the HPV vaccine were significantly correlated with the intention to get vaccinated. |
Efforts are needed to disseminate accurate information about the vaccine because intention for HPV vaccination was less when attitudes to HPV vaccines were negative because of the perception that they could lead to unsafe or dangerous sexual behavior. |
Kwon and Lee (2018) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 323 | Male college students | To explore how AIDS knowledge, self-esteem, sense of control, and optimism bias affect condom use among male college students | Condom use, AIDS knowledge, self-esteem, sense of control, and optimism bias | The results indicate that self-esteem and sense of control were predictors of condom use in the group of participants who engaged in sexual intercourse with steady sexual partners. | In this study, sense of control was examined by questions about prevention of AIDS and control of unhealthy sexual life. The results show the importance of education and training to enable students to gain a sense of control such as controlling their own prevention of AIDS and sexual activity. This will have a positive impact on the use of condoms. |
Kwon et al. (2008) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 1,250 | Unmarried college students | Utilized TTM to investigate condom use among college students | Decisional balance, confidence in safer sex, and temptation for unprotected sex, stage of change algorithm | The results indicate that age (juniors), a positive attitude toward condom use (pro), and side effects on CSS are associated with condom use. | Sex educators and programs should consider including population-targeted sexual culture context when creating intervention plans to increase youths’ practice of safe sex. |
Lee (2010) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 399 | Male college students | To analyze predictors of condom use intention according to experience of sexual intercourse | Condom use intentions Susceptibility to STIs/AIDS, pregnancy Benefits from condom use, barriers to condom use, condom self-efficacy, and subjective norms |
The results indicate that susceptibility to STIs/AIDS and pregnancy and benefits of condom use were predictors of condom use intentions in the non-experienced group. The factors that predict the intention to condom use in the experienced group were barriers to use and condom use self-efficacy. |
Since the factors that influence the intention to use condoms differ by experience of condom use, programs should be provided for each group. Also, it is important to educate young people about susceptibility to STIs/AIDS and pregnancy before using condoms to increase condom use intention. |
Park and Han (2000) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 999 | Male college students | To measure attitudes and knowledge about condom use, and the factors influencing the preference to use condoms. | Preference for condoms, knowledge and attitudes toward condom use | The results of this study indicate that positive attitudes and higher knowledge of condom use, experience of condom use, completion of military service, non-experience of sexual intercourse in the last 6 months, and frequent contact with information on condom use were associated with a preference for condoms. | Efforts are needed to increase opportunities for access to information about condoms, which should increase condom preference along with increased knowledge and attitudes. |
Park and Lim (2002) | Cross-sectional, correlational design | 370 | Unmarried male college students | To analyze the factors influencing self-confidence for using condoms. | Self-confidence of using condoms, attitudes and knowledge about condoms and STIs/AIDS, misconceptions about preventing STIs | The results of this study indicate that age (older), experience of condom use in the last 1 year, and positive attitudes toward condoms affected self-confidence of using condoms. | Efforts are needed to create programs to enable youths to gain positive attitudes and increase self-confidence inf using condoms. |
Park et al. (2003) | Cross-sectional and correlational design | 946 | Unmarried male college students | To measure the attitudes and knowledge about condom use, AIDS, and the factors influencing attitudes in male students | Attitudes and knowledge toward condoms, and knowledge and severity of AIDS | The results of this study showed that older age, experience of condom use, and knowledge about AIDS positively affected attitudes toward condoms. | Efforts are needed to inculcate positive attitudes toward condoms for young male students, non-condom users, and education about AIDS is also needed to increase positive attitudes toward condoms. |
Park et al. (2002) | Cross-sectional descriptive study | 946 | Unmarried male college students | To measure the attitudes toward condom use and knowledge of STIs/AIDS in male college students | Intent to use condoms, condom and STIs/AIDS attitudes and knowledge, perceived susceptibility to and severity of STIs/AIDS | Those with condom experience showed more positive attitudes than those without condom experience, and the perceived susceptibility to and severity of STIs/AIDS were not different according to experiences of condom use. No difference in knowledge about STIs/AIDS was found by experience of condom use. | Efforts are needed to inculcate positive attitudes about condoms that might increase the use of condoms. |
Sohn and Chun (2007) | Secondary data analysis | 501 | Single, aged 19-30 years | To examine gender differences in sexual behavior, condom-related behavior, and attitudes including perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy towards condom use. | Behavior and attitudes toward AIDS such as perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy toward condom use | Male initiated sexual behavior earlier and had more multiple partners than female, but both genders were equally likely to have inconsistent use of condom. Male also more perceived benefits and a higher level of self-efficacy in condom use than female, and male agreed that using condoms would reduce sexual pleasure, is troublesome, and is less exciting or romantic. | Sex education programs for young men and women, particularly those related to HIV prevention and sexual health, should focus on reducing perceived barriers in condom use. Especially for women, self-efficacy in condom use should be included. |
AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CSE, condom self-efficacy scale; CSE-K, condom self-efficacy scale-Korean; CSS, confidence in safer sex; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TPB, theory of planned behavior; TTM, trans-theoretical model.
Variables and Instruments in the Integrative Review (N=20)
Variables | Instrument [article number] | |
---|---|---|
Condom-related factors | Use of condoms | Condom use questionnaire [A13] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A1,A2,A9,A11] |
Attitudes | CAS [A3,A10] College students’s condom attitude scale [A5,A11] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7,A16-A19] UCLA MCAS [A4] | |
Knowledge | Benefits of condom use and barriers to condom use [A15] Knowledge about condoms [A5] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A16,A18] | |
Condom efficacy and self-confidence | CES-K [A1] Condom use self-efficacy scale [A5] Condom self-efficacy scale [A2,A3] Condom self-efficacy scale [A15] Condom self-efficacy measure [A13] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7,A13,A17] SES [A13] The benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy measurement tool [A8] | |
Intention and preference | Intention of sexual behavior scale [A1-A3] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7,A12,A15,A16,A19] Intention to use a condom scale [A4] | |
| ||
Factors related to non-condom-related knowledge and attitudes | Sexual behavior | Sex-role attitude scale [A9] Sexual attitude scale [A9] Sexual autonomy scale [A9] Sexual knowledge scale [A9] Perceived risk of sexual behavior questionnaire [A5] Perceived risk of sexual behavior questionnaire developed by authors [A3] |
ECP | Intent to use ECP question developed by authors [A11] ECP attitude scale [A11] | |
STIs/AIDS | AIDS knowledge questionnaire [A13] AIDS knowledge questionnaire [A9] Attitude and behaviors toward AIDS [A20] Knowledge of AIDS questionnaire developed by authors [A17,A18] Knowledge of STIs/AIDS questionnaire developed by authors [A19] Knowledge-on-ECPs scale [A11] Misconceptions about protective STI fact sheet [A17] Other perceived severity to STIs/AIDS questionnaire developed by authors [A17-A19] Susceptibility to STIs/AIDs & pregnancy scale [A15] | |
HPV vaccine | HPV attitude questionnaire developed by the authors [A12] Intent to get HPV vaccinated developed by the author [A12] | |
| ||
Others | Communication | Parent-adolescent communication scale [A2,A3] |
Optimism bias | Optimistic bias scale [A13] | |
Subjective norms | Subjective norm questionnaire [A15] SRBBS [A3] Other questionnaire developed by authors [A6,A7] |
*Article number derived from
AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CAS, condom attitude scale; CSE-K, condom self-efficacy scale-Korean; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; SES, self-efficacy scale; SRBBS, sexual risk behavior belief and self-efficacy scale; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UCLA MCAS, The University of California at Los Angeles multidimensional condom attitude scale.
H, high; L, low; M, medium; WOE, weight of evidence.
Multiple results; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; STI, sexually transmitted infection.
AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CSE, condom self-efficacy scale; CSE-K, condom self-efficacy scale-Korean; CSS, confidence in safer sex; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TPB, theory of planned behavior; TTM, trans-theoretical model.
Article number derived from AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CAS, condom attitude scale; CSE-K, condom self-efficacy scale-Korean; ECP, emergency contraceptive pills; HPV, human papillomavirus; SES, self-efficacy scale; SRBBS, sexual risk behavior belief and self-efficacy scale; STI, sexually transmitted infection; UCLA MCAS, The University of California at Los Angeles multidimensional condom attitude scale.