Child Health Nursing Research
Enacted in April 2006, and most recently revised in November 2024 and, applied from Vol. 31, No. 1 (2025 January)

Table of Contents

I. Aim and Scope

Child Health Nursing Research (CHNR) aims to promote the health, development, and well-being of children and their families in Korea and all over the world by providing research on evidence-based practices.
Its scope includes the most recent clinically and academically relevant topics in health care and nursing from the beginning of life to young adulthood, including both children and their families. The journal deals with articles that address research, theory, and practice in a wide range of child health nursing areas and relevant cultural issues.
The primary readers of this journal include healthcare professionals, administrators, educators, caregivers, researchers, and various specialists dedicated to serving newborns, infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and their families. The ultimate goal of Child Health Nursing Research is to build a robust body of knowledge on the health of these populations while enhancing clinical practice and community care through evidence-based practices to promote the health of children and families worldwide.

II. Research and Publication Ethics

CHNR is committed to ensuring ethics in publication and quality of articles. For the policies on research and publication ethics that are not stated in these instructions, the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) or the COPE Guidelines (https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Guidelines) can be applied. Further, all processes of handling research and publication misconduct shall follow the applicable COPE flowchart (https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts).

1. Statements of Human and Animal Rights and Protection

CHNR endorses and follows international standards of ethical practice in human rights and protection and the principles addressed in the Declaration of Helsinki (Medical Research Involving Human Participants; https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/medical-ethics/declaration-of-helsinki/). According to the Bioethics and Biosafety Act of Korea and in order to meet international standards for ethical practice in human rights and protection, any research involving human subjects must be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). When animals are used as research subjects, the study must be conducted in correspondence with related regulations, such as those of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs, https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/iacuc.htm), or National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals.pdf). Any treatment methods in conflict with the regulations must be described and may be grounds for rejection of the paper.

2. Statements of Informed Consent

The researcher(s) must also obtain written voluntary informed consent from the participants or their parents or legal guardians. If the research involves a child or any vulnerable subject in any way, special and sensitive protection is needed to ensure the safety and human rights of the subject. When necessary, the editor of CHNR may ask the author(s) to present the relevant document(s) on the human rights and protection issues related to the manuscript, such as the informed consent form or the evidence for the IRB approval of the study.

3. Originality and Duplicate Publications

Duplicate publication or duplicate submission is prohibited in accordance with the ICMJE recommendations (https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/overlapping-publications.html). Manuscripts that have been published or are being submitted to other journal(s) should not be submitted to CHNR. Manuscripts that have been published or are currently under consideration for publication in CHNR must not be submitted to another journal. Upon notice of a duplicate submission, submission privileges to CHNR will be suspended for 2 years.

1) Originality and plagiarism: Authors are required to submit original manuscripts and confirm that they have cited or quoted others’ ideas and texts appropriately and accurately. Plagiarism refers to the appropriation of another person's ideas, research processes, results, or texts as one’s own. This includes using previously published material of oneself or any other author without citing the references. The editorial board of CHNR uses the Crossref Similarity Check tool to check for plagiarism. If plagiarism is discovered in the manuscript, the manuscript will not be published.

2) Multiple, simultaneous, or duplicate submission: Authors should not submit the same research to more than one journal and should not publish the manuscript in different languages. If authors wish to pursue a secondary publication of the manuscript in another language, they should obtain approval from the editor-in-chief of both related journals.

3) Determination of duplicate publication: The editorial board will review and assess the manuscript to determine any instances of duplicate submission or publication.

4. Authorship

Authorship is limited to those who have contributed substantially to the manuscript in terms of conception and design, as well as the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data. All authors should be involved in drafting and reviewing the manuscript and must approve the final version of the manuscript. The corresponding author is required to confirm that all appropriate persons are listed as authors in the manuscript. All authors must agree to be accountable for all aspects of their work and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Chatbots or other AI-assisted technologies cannot be listed as authors.

1) Authorship taxonomy: The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that the descriptions are accurate and agreed upon by all authors. Each author’s role(s) should be listed using the relevant categories mentioned above. Authors may have contributed in multiple roles. The CRediT taxonomy does not alter the journal's criteria for authorship qualification. Please select the appropriate CRediT statements (https://credit.niso.org/) during the submission process. This information will appear above the references section of the published paper, as illustrated in the example below.

Table 1. Authorship Taxonomy(https://credit.niso.org/)

2) Changes to authorship :CHNR does not correct authorship after publication unless the editorial staff has made a mistake. After submission and before publication, any changes in authorship—including adding or removing authors, or rearranging the order of authors—must be detailed in a letter to the editor from the involved authors. This letter must be signed by all authors of the paper. Additionally, every author must complete a copyright assignment.

3) Corresponding author and first author :CHNR does not allow multiple first author or corresponding authors for a single article. Only one author for each article should correspond with the editorial office and reviewers.

4) Contributors :Any researcher who does not meet all four ICMJE criteria for authorship discussed above but contribute substantively to the study in terms of idea development, manuscript writing, conducting research, data analysis, and financial support should have their contributions listed in the Acknowledgments section of the article.

5. Conflict of Interest

Authors are required to disclose commercial or similar relationships to products or companies mentioned in the article being submitted or related to its subject matter. An article’s corresponding author is required to notify the editor of any potential conflicts of interest that might have affected the study’s findings or the way the data were interpreted. Even when the authors are certain that their respective judgments were unaffected when producing the article, a potential conflict of interest should be stated on the title page and at the ending section of the manuscript. Conflicts of interest can include ties to pharmaceutical corporations on a personal or financial level, political pressure from special interest organizations, or issues in the classroom.
Before assessing a particular paper, CHNR requests that referees notify the editor if they have any conflicts of interest. All article submissions from editors, staff members, or editorial board members are handled in the same manner as unsolicited submissions. They will not participate in the decision-making or reviewer selection process. Even for commissioned manuscripts, editors will not handle their own work.

1) Disclosure form :The Disclosure of Interest of ICMJE (https://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/) should be used as the model for the disclosure form.

2) Role of the funding source :You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated.

6. Reporting Standards

Authors should report their work accurately and objectively without inappropriate manipulation. Authors should describe their methods and procedures in enough detail and present sufficient references so that others can replicate the work. Authors should not produce, record, or report non-existent data and results and should not change or omit data. Authors should also avoid producing multiple publications (“salami slicing”) from content that should be only one substantial manuscript. Manuscripts that do not follow the international ethical standards of research and publication (i.e., those that involve fabrication, falsification, salami slicing, plagiarism, or simultaneous/duplicate submission) will not be considered for publication in CHNR. The editorial board will adjudicate the specific reasons for rejection.

1) Data access and retention: Authors should retain research data and be prepared to allow access to the data in case the editorial board asks them to provide the raw data in connection with the editorial review.

7. Clinical Trials Registration

This journal follows the data sharing policy described in “Data Sharing Statements for Clinical Trials: A Requirement of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)” (https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1051).
Registration with an accredited primary registry is essential for clinical research to ensure transparency and accountability. In Korea, the Korea Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS, https://cris.nih.go.kr/) serves as an accredited primary registry recognized by the World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/clinical-trials-registry-platform). ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov), managed by the United States National Institutes of Health, is also a widely accepted registry.
However, registration may be waived if the study involves an educational intervention that poses no harm to participants. In such cases, authors are encouraged to discuss the need for registration with the editor, considering the specific nature of the educational intervention.

8. Fundamental Errors in a Manuscript

When authors find a fundamental error in a published manuscript, they should immediately inform the editor and cooperate with the editor to correct or withdraw the manuscript.

9. Process for Managing Publication Malpractice

When reviewers or readers suspect publication malpractice such as fabrication, falsification, salami slicing, plagiarism, or simultaneous/duplicate publication; inappropriate changes in authorship, an undisclosed conflict of interest, ethical problems with a submitted manuscript, a reviewer who has appropriated an author’s idea or data, complaints against editors, and so on, the resolution process will be initiated following the flowchart provided by the COPE (https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts). The ethics committee will discuss and adjudicate cases of suspected publication malpractice, as well as complaints and appeals against editors. CHNR will not hesitate to publish errata, corrigenda, clarifications, retractions, apologies, and expressions of concern when needed.

10. Disclosure of Artificial Intelligence (AI)–Assisted Technology

CHNR follows the Artificial Intelligence (AI)–Assisted Technology policy described in Recommendations of ICMJE (https://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf).
Authors must disclose if they used AI-assisted technologies (e.g., LLMs, chatbots, image generators) in their work. The use of AI should be described in the cover letter and relevant sections of the manuscript, acknowledging writing assistance in the acknowledgment section and data-related uses in the methods section. For instance, writing assistance should be noted in the acknowledgment section, while uses in data collection, analysis, or figure generation should be detailed in the methods section. AI tools like chatbots should not be listed as authors, as they cannot be held responsible for accuracy or integrity. Authors are responsible for ensuring the work’s quality, reviewing AI-generated content for errors or bias, and avoiding plagiarism, including proper attribution for AI-generated text or images.

III. Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation

1. Types of Manuscripts

CHNR publishes original articles, review articles, and editorials on health care and nursing for birth to young people and their families.

1) Original articles: CHNR publishes original articles that fit the journal’s aims and scope. These comprise comprehensive papers outlining novel research. These are reports of empirical data from top-notch scientific and clinical research studies that have relevance to nursing and health care for people from the beginning of life to young adulthood and their families. Original articles cover children’s health issues, with topics encompassing nursing theory, practice, and education, among others. The articles published in CHNR present significant research results obtained using a variety of methodologies, including mixed-method designs, observational, quasi-experimental, and experimental investigations, as well as qualitative methods and measurements, including the development and evaluation of instruments. The appropriate standards should be followed when writing research papers.

2) Review articles: Critical presentations on themes of interest and importance to child health nursing theory, practice, and education are included. A review article’s body should consist of a thorough evaluation of the literature that is supported by academic research, critical analysis, and reasoned conclusions. We publish comprehensive literature reviews, as well as systematic reviews which target specific research problems, such as scoping reviews. We also release discussion papers, which are academic works with a discursive or argumentative tone. There must always be a discussion and critical evaluation of a significant body of research or other scholarship.

3) Editorials: These are by invitation only and feature remarks made by institutional representatives or individual authors on topics of current interest. Authors should get in touch with the manager in the editorial office if they have any suggestions for editorials that deal with topics that are critically important to the discipline, especially those that are contentious or closely related to recent or upcoming journal articles.

2. Authors of Manuscripts

Anyone may submit a manuscript for publication in CHNR. If the manuscript is the product of a dissertation, the author must disclose that the manuscript is the product of a dissertation for an academic degree program. The first author must be the author of the dissertation.

3. General Information

1) Language and style: Every manuscript should be written in English. The author can submit the manuscript as a Microsoft Word file or HWP file with an A4 paper size layout. The margins of the paper should be set as follows: top 30 mm, bottom 25 mm, left 25 mm, and right 25 mm. A 10-point font size should be used, and the text should be double-spaced.

2) Manuscript length: Abstracts, texts, references, tables, and figures included in the manuscript have different limits depending on the type of manuscript submitted, but all submissions must comply with the contents of Table 2. The number of references is recommended to be 30 or fewer for an article. However, authors may include additional references depending on the type of article, such as meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or structural equation models.

Table 2. Recommended maximums for articles submitted to Child Health Nursing Research

3) Abbreviations used: If authors choose to use an English abbreviation, the complete spelling must be used upon first mention, and the abbreviation may be used after that. The title should not include any abbreviations.

4) Samples and participants: Authors should confirm the correct use of the words “sex” (when reporting biological factors) and “gender” (identity, psychosocial, or cultural factors), and report the sex or gender of study participants. Authors should define how they determined race or ethnicity and justify its relevance. If the study was done involving an entire population, the authors should explain the reason.

5) Prior approval for the use of psychosocial questionnaires (survey tools): Authors must acquire permission for the utilization of any psychosocial questionnaire from the tool’s copyright holder.

6) Describing machinery or technical equipment: When identifying machinery and equipment, the following should be included in parentheses: the model, manufacturer. Brand names are identified by ™, ®, etc. Brand names should be used only when necessary.

7) Reference and citation style: References and citations follow National Library of Medicine [NLM] style when submitting the manuscript. The submitting authors are responsible for ensuring adherence to NLM guidelines.

8) Inclusive language: Authors are encouraged to use inclusive language that acknowledges diversity, respects all individuals, and promotes equal opportunities. Avoid assumptions about the reader's beliefs or identities, and refrain from language that implies superiority based on factors such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability, or health condition. Writing should be free of bias, stereotypes, and cultural assumptions. Gender neutrality is encouraged by using plural nouns (e.g., “patients”) instead of gendered pronouns (“he/she”). Descriptors of personal attributes should only be used if relevant and valid.

4. Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs

Research reports frequently omit important information. As such, reporting guidelines have been developed for a number of study designs. Authors are encouraged to adhere to relevant reporting guidelines when describing their study. A good source of reporting guidelines is the EQUATOR Network (https://www.equator-network.org/) and the United States National Institutes of Health/ National Library of Medicine (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/research_report_guide.html)

1) Observational cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)

2) Qualitative studies: Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ), Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR)

3) Quasi-experimental/non-randomized trials: Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-randomized Designs (TREND)

4) Randomized (and quasi-randomized) controlled trials: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)

5) Study of diagnostic accuracy/assessment scale: Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD)

6) Systematic review and meta-analysis: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE)

7) Quality improvement studies: Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE)

5. Sequence of Headings in an Original Article

The manuscript should be organized as follows. Each section should be clearly delineated. Instructions for each appear below the list.

1) Beginning section

(1) Cover letter
The authors should address a cover letter to the editor in which they summarize the main components of the manuscript and what makes its contribution original and relevant to the Aims and Scope of CHNR. The author(s) should also address any other matters associated with authorship and publication they wish the editors to consider.

(2) Title page

• ① The content of the title page should appear as follows in this order: Title, running title, type of manuscript, author(s), corresponding author, conflict of interest, IRB approval, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/) keywords, number of references, and number of words of the English abstract. More specific requirements for these components are detailed below.
• ② Type of manuscript: One of the following should be noted: original article, review article, editorial, or invited paper.
• ③ Author(s): This section should list the names of all authors, each with their position and affiliation including title, department, and location of institutions to which the work should be attributed. It should also present each author’s ORCID number, ResearcherID and describe the author’s role in this study.
• ④ Corresponding author: The corresponding author should be identified with their address (including zip code), email, telephone number, fax number, ORCID number or ResearcherID.
• ⑤ Conflict of interest: Any matter pertaining to the research should be noted here, such as the source of research funds, conflicts of interest, or indication that the manuscript is derived from a dissertation or thesis for an academic degree program.
• ⑥ IRB approval: The author should provide information about the institution that provided IRB approval, including the approval number, and informed consent. However, if the study did not involve humans or animals, a statement should be made about IRB exemption.
• ⑦ MeSH Keywords: The keywords are drawn from the MeSH list (not more than five).
• ⑧ Number of references: It is recommended that an article include no more than 30 references. However, for articles that have no reference restriction, such as meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or structural equation models, authors are free to provide more references.
• ⑨ Number of words of the abstract: The number of words in the abstract should be noted. The total should be no more than 250 words.

(3) Abstract and keywords
An abstract of up to 250 words for articles (including reviews) should be on a separate page. It should cover the main factual points, including statements of the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. The abstract should be accompanied by a list of three to five keywords for indexing purposes. The keywords should be as specific as possible and drawn from the list of MeSH keywords.

2) Middle section
The text should be composed in the following order: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion.

(1) Introduction: The introduction should clearly state the need for this study and the main question or hypothesis of the study. A literature review or summary of background information related to the study should be presented.

(2) Methods: This section should describe the study design, setting and samples, ethical considerations, measurements/instruments, data collection/procedure, and data analysis used. If the study is qualitative, the research instrument can be omitted. An “Ethics statement” should be provided after the “Methods” heading in a text-box format.

(3) Results: The main results should be summarized in concise paragraphs. Levels of statistical significance and confidence intervals should be noted where appropriate.

(4) Discussion: The discussion should be based only on the reported results. The discussion is recommended to reflect advances in nursing practice and nursing knowledge development.

(5) Conclusion: Conclusions and recommendations for further study should be presented here, but the study results should not be summarized again.

3) Final section

(1) ORCID and ResearcherID: The authors should provide the ORCID number and ResearcherID.

(2) Authors’ contributions: Authors’ contributions should be based on the authorship taxonomy.

(3) Conflict of interest: Authors are required to disclose commercial or similar relationships to products or companies mentioned in or related to the subject matter of the article being submitted. If there are no conflicts of interest, the following is an example of a sentence that can be used: “No existing or potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.”

(4) Funding resource: Funding institutions’ policies should acknowledge sources of funding for the manuscript. If there is no funding resource, the following is an example of a sentence that can be used: “None”.

(5) Data availability: Based on the degree of sharing plan, authors should deposit their data after de-identification and report the DOI of the data and the registered site. Please contact the corresponding author to confirm the availability of data.

(6) Acknowledgments: Any persons who contributed to the study or the manuscript but did not meet the authorship requirements can be listed here. Written permission should be obtained from any person or organization mentioned in this section.

(7) Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing: : Authors are required to disclose the utilization of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process by including a statement after their work within the main text file, before the References list. The declaration must be positioned in a new section headed “Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted Technologies in the Writing Process.”

This declaration excludes using fundamental instruments to verify grammar, spelling, references, etc. A statement is unnecessary if there is no information to provide.

(8) Supplementary materials: If there are supplementary materials to help the understanding of readers or too much data to be included in the main text, it may be presented as supplementary data.

(9) References: Manuscripts submitted must adhere to the NLM citation style, with authors responsible for ensuring compliance with NLM guidelines and the accuracy of all references. Authors are responsible for the accuracy of the references. Use of DOIs is highly encouraged.

(10) Tables and Figures: The total number of tables and figures in a manuscript is no more than 5. All tables and figures should be easy to understand, even when presented separately from the rest of the manuscript, and should present information relevant to the study.

6. References Format

A description of the References section is provided below. The References follow Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7256/) if not mentioned below. References should be numbered serially in the order of appearance in the text, with numbers in brackets [ ]. The original reference number should be used if a reference is cited more than once. If there are 7 or more authors of a cited work, the first 6 should be listed, followed by “et al.”

1) Journals
The name of the journal should be written in full. For 6 or fewer authors, all authors should be listed. For more than 6 authors, the first 6 should be listed, followed by et al.

• • Lee SJ, Han YR. The influencing factors of pediatric nurses’ perception of patient safety culture and partnership with patients’ parents on patient safety nursing activities in South Korea: a descriptive study. Child Health Nurs Res. 2024;30(4):255-265. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2024.008
• • Kang HK, Kim TB, Kim KH, Kim MJ, Kim JH, Kim HY, et al. Development and effect of a metabolic syndrome prevention program for university students using mobile application. Child Health Nurs Res. 2014;20(3):205-214. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2014.20.3.205
• • Cesare M, Cocchieri A. Can an increase in nursing care complexity raise the risk of intra-hospital and intensive care unit transfers in children? A retrospective observational study. J of Pediatr Nurs. 2024 Nov 28 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2024.11.015
• • Cho CU. Stem cell windpipe gives Korean toddler new life. The Korea Herald. 2013 May 2;Sect. 01.

2) Books & Book chapters

• • Brown B. Braving the wilderness: the quest for true belonging and the courage to stand alone. Random House: 2017.
• • Peate I. The student’s guide to becoming a nurse. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
• • Min KA, Kim CG. Nursing management. Knowledge & Future; 2012.
• • Bochner BH. Identification of nodal metastases: the role of iron oxide enhanced MRI. In: Lee CT, Wood DP, editors. Bladder cancer. Humana Press; 2010.
• • Radley DC, How SK, Fryer AK, McCarthy D, Schoen C. Rising to the challenge: results from a scorecard on local health system performance, 2012 [Internet]. Commonwealth Fund; 2012 [cited 2017 Feb 8]. Available from: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_publications_fund_report_2012_mar_local_scorecard_1578_commission_rising_to_challenge_local_scorecard_2012_finalv2.pdf

3) Scientific and technical reports

• • Korean Women’s Development Institute. 2015 National multicultural family survey report. Ministry of Gender Equality & Family; 2016. Report No.: MOGEF2016-3.
• • Won YJ, Shin HR, Jeong GW, Shin AS, Gong HJ, Oh CM, et al. Cancer registration & statistics branch, division of cancer registration & surveillance. National Cancer Control Institute Annual Report. National Cancer Center; 2012. Report No.: 2012.11-13520000010145-10.

4) Unpublished theses or dissertations

• • Lee YH. Development and effects of nocturnal emission and menstruation education program using CAI for Korean elementary school children [dissertation]. Ewha Womans University; 2010.
• • Choi JW. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pediatric neurofibromatosis type 2: Neurosurgical series [master’s thesis]. Seoul National University; 2013.

5) Conference proceedings

• • Bell JM. Highlights from the 10th international family nursing conference. 10th International Family Nursing Conference; 2011 June 24-28; Kyoto. Sage Publications; 2012. p. 135-139.

6) Web

• • Statistics Korea. Cause of death statistics in 2023 [Internet]. Statistics Korea; 2024 [cited 2024 Dec 10]. Available from: https://kostat.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20108100000&bid=11773&act=view&list_no=433679

7. Tables and Figures Format

1) Table formatting

• ① All lines are to be single. Vertical lines should not be used.
• ② The title of a table should appear above the table. Only capitalize the first letter of table titles. Ex) Table 1. Responses to question types
• ③ Tables should be numbered consecutively, e.g., Table 1, Table 2, and so on.
• ④ Table data should be explained in the footnotes. All abbreviations used in the tables should be defined in the footnotes of every table in which they appear. Ex) HR, heart rate; T, temperature.
• ⑤ In a table, use a superscript lowercase letter to indicate each footnote. The tables should be placed beneath the footnotes. Ex) ^a)Surviving case; ^b)Deceased case.
• ⑥ If the value of a decimal exceeds 1, a 0 should appear before the decimal point; otherwise, nothing should appear before the decimal point. Ex) t=0.26, F=0.92 Example: p<.001, r=.01, R²=.61
• ⑦ The statistical significance (p-value) should be written without a footnote and should be rounded to three decimal places. Ex) p=.003. If p is 0.000, then indicate that p is less than 0.001 (p<.001). If p is 1.000, then indicate that p is greater than 0.999 (p>.999).

2) Illustration and photograph format rules

• ① The title should appear below an image. Only the first letter of the first word should be capitalized (sentence case). Ex) Figure 1. Mean responses to questions by student grade categories.
• ② Acceptable figure file formats are BMP, JPG, PSD, TIF, AI, EMF, EPS, WMF, DOC, XLS, PPT, and PDF.
• ③ The size of the image should be 102×152 mm (4×6 inches). Larger images may be permitted; however, each image should not exceed 203×254 mm (8×10 inches).
• ④ If one figure contains 2 or more images, consecutive alphabet letters should be used to distinguish among the images. Ex) Figure 1A, Figure 1B
• ⑤ The photomicrograph of a tissue sample, the region from which the tissue was extracted, and the staining method should be noted. The magnification scale must be included.

3) Quotations from other sources
Citations may follow any style, for example, NLM, APA, or others.

IV. Submission and Peer Review

1. Submission

Manuscripts must be submitted through the CHNR website (http://www.e-chnr.org/) or CHNR peer review system (http://www.chnr-submission.org/). Authors may review the submission instructions and access all submission forms, including the author checklist. During submission, information on the authors’ ORCIDs and the researcher ID will be requested. All required forms are available on the journal’s website (https://www.e-chnr.org/) and the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing’s website (https://www.childnursing.or.kr).

2. Peer Review

1) Policy: All papers, including those invited by the editor, are subject to peer review. Two or more reviewers and the editor will conduct a double-blind peer review of each of these manuscripts. The Editorial Board selects reviewers based on expertise, publication history, and past reviews. During the peer review process, reviewers can interact directly or exchange information (e.g., via submission systems or email) with only an editor, which is known as “independent review.” An initial decision will normally be made within two weeks after the reviewers agree to review a manuscript. No information about the review process or editorial decision process is published on the article page.

2) Preview: The editorial committee initially evaluates each submission. The main goal is to quickly determine which papers should not be sent for peer review and which ones should. To prevent delays for authors who may wish to submit their work elsewhere, papers that do not meet basic standards or are unlikely to be published, even with a favorable peer review—such as those with insufficient novel contributions or unclear relevance to the field—may be rejected at this stage.

3) Peer review process and the author’s response to the reviewers’ comments
There is a two-week peer review period, and the first decision is made after the evaluation is finished. Following the review, the Editorial Board will decide between the options: acceptable options include minor revision, major revision, or rejection. The Editorial Board may request authors to make changes to the manuscript in response to reviewers’ comments. The author should reasonably indicate if the reviewer’s opinion is unacceptable or if the reviewer is thought to have misinterpreted the data. The authors should try their best to comply with any requests made by the reviewers to modify the manuscript.
After making changes to the manuscript, the author should upload the updated files along with a response to each reviewer’s comment. Revisions from the author must be finished within 15 days of the request. The Editorial Board will inform the author if it is not received by the deadline. The author should discuss an extension with the Editorial Board if they want to prolong the revision window past 15 days. Up to two rounds of the manuscript evaluation process may be offered. The Editorial Board may consider further review if the authors request it. The Editorial Board will ultimately decide whether to approve the submitted manuscript for publication and may, if necessary, ask for additional alterations, edits, and deletions to the article text. Statistical editing is also done if a statistician needs to review the data professionally.
The editor-in-chief of CHNR will make the final decision regarding the manuscript’s publication based on the reviewers’ comments and the scientific merits of the manuscript. Any potential or existing conflict and issues in the manuscript must be discussed in detail with the Editorial Board.

4) Submission by editors: All manuscripts from editors, employees, or editorial board members are processed the same way as other unsolicited manuscripts. Editors will not handle their own manuscripts even if they are commissioned. During the review process, they will not engage in the selection of reviewers and the decision process.
More details on other pertinent regulations are available on the journal’s website. If there are any questions regarding the use of the online submission system, authors may contact the editorial office of CHNR.

5) Appeals of decisions: Any appeals against the editorial decision must be made within 2 weeks of the date of the decision letter. Authors who wish to appeal against a decision should contact the Editor-in-Chief, explaining in detail the reasons for the appeal. All appeals will be discussed with at least one other associate editor. If consensus cannot be reached thereby, an appeal will be discussed at a full editorial meeting. The process of handling complaints and appeals follows the guidelines of COPE available from (https://publicationethics.org/appeals). CHNR does not consider second appeals.

V. Final Preparation for Publication

1. Final Version

After the paper has been accepted for publication, the author(s) should submit the final version of the manuscript. The names and affiliations of the authors should be double-checked, and if the originally submitted image files were of poor resolution, higher-resolution image files should be submitted at this time. Symbols (e.g., circles, triangles, squares), letters (e.g., words, abbreviations), and numbers should be large enough to be legible on reduction to the journal’s column widths. All symbols must be defined in the figure caption. If references, tables, or figures are moved, added, or deleted during the revision process, renumber them to reflect such changes so that all tables, references, and figures are cited in numeric order.

2. Manuscript Corrections

Before publication, the manuscript editor will correct the manuscript such that it meets the standard publication format. The author(s) must respond within 48 hours when the manuscript editor contacts the corresponding author for revisions. If the response is delayed, the manuscript’s publication may be postponed to the next issue.

3. Proofs and Reprints

The author(s) will receive the final version of the manuscript as a PDF file. Upon receipt, the author(s) must notify the editorial office of any errors found in the file within 48 hours. Any errors found after this time are the responsibility of the author(s) and will have to be corrected as an erratum.

4. Correction

To correct errors in published articles, the corresponding author should contact the journal’s editorial office with a detailed description of the proposed correction. Corrections that profoundly affect the interpretation or conclusions of the article will be reviewed by the editors. Corrections will be published as author correction or publisher correction in a later issue of the journal. Minor errors will be corrected directly in the online version of the article. An indication of the correction, along with the date it was made, will be added to the article information in both the HTML and PDF versions. A separate correction note will not be published.

VI. Article Processing Charge

After the acceptance of the manuscript, the author is responsible for the following fees: a publication fee, a special typesetting fee, and the printing fee for each volume of the paper. Upon acceptance, an article-processing charge (APC) of 600,000 Korean won per article is requested from the corresponding author.
Authors in developing countries (https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf) may be exempt from author fees after negotiation with the Editorial Board.
If at least one of the authors is a Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing member, the paper will qualify for a discounted submission.

VII. Copyright, Open Access Policy

1. Copyright

All manuscripts published in CHNR are protected by copyright. The copyright and the transfer right of the digital content of the published paper and journal are owned by the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. All authors should agree to the copyright transfer during the submission process.
After the acceptance of the manuscript, the author must submit the copyright transfer agreement to the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. All authors should print their names and sign the copyright transfer agreement.

2. Open Access Policy

CHNR is an open-access journal. Articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, which permits copying and distributing the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the CHNR. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative definition of open access. It also follows the open access policy of PubMed Central at United States National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/).
All articles published in the journal are freely available with open access for everyone to read and download from the CHNR website (http://www.e-chnr.org/) immediately and permanently after publication.

VIII. Other Editorial Policy

1. Data Sharing Policy

To verify study accuracy and reproducibility, authors are encouraged to deposit raw or analyzed data in a public repository, such as Harvard Dataverse (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/), Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/), etc. upon acceptance of the manuscript. Submission of raw or analyzed data is highly recommended. Authors should provide the relevant website URL or sources if data are already public. Authors may discuss options with the editor if data cannot be publicized. Based on the degree of the sharing plan, authors should deposit their data after de-identification and report the DOI of the data and the registered site. Authors with questions about data deposition are encouraged to contact the editorial office.

2. Archiving Policy

All manuscripts published in CHNR are freely available through open access to read and download from any electronic link, including those found on the CHNR website (http://www.e-chnr.org/) immediately and permanently after publication. In the event CHNR is no longer published, previously published articles will continue to be available via the National Library of Korea (http://nl.go.kr), PubMed Central (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/4129/), and ScienceCentral (https://www.e-sciencecentral.org/journals/169/).

3. Preprint Policy

A preprint can be defined as a version of a scholarly paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal. CHNR allows authors to submit the preprint to the journal. It is not treated as duplicate submission or duplicate publication. CHNR recommend authors to disclose it with DOI in the letter to the editor during the submission process. Otherwise, it may be screened from the plagiarism check program—Similarity Check (Crosscheck) or Copy Killer. Preprint submission will be processed through the same peer-review process with a usual submission. If the preprint is accepted for publication, authors are recommended to update the info at the preprint with a link to the published article in CHNR, including DOI at CHNR. It is strongly recommended that authors cite the article in CHNR instead of the preprint at their next submission to journals.

Publisher

Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing
President Hyun Young Koo, RN, PhD Professor
Daegu Catholic University College of Nursing
33, Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-Gu,
Daegu, Republic of Korea, 42472
Tel: +82-53-650-4829, Homepage: https://www.childnursing.or.kr/, E-mail: childnursing@childnursing.or.kr

Editorial Office

Child Health Nursing Research
Editor-in-Chief Yunsoo Kim, RN, PhD Associate Professor
Department of Nursing,
Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
Tel: +82-33-649-7614, Fax: +82-33-649-7620, E-mail: agneskim@cku.ac.kr

Manuscript Editor
Hyun Joo Kim
Infolumi, Seoul, Korea

Jihye Jang, RN
Department of Nursing, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Korea
Tel: +82-33-649-7614, Fax: +82-33-649-7620, E-mail: jjpluh@gmail.com

Layout Editor
In A Park
M2PI, Seoul, Korea

English Editor
Andrew Dombrowski
Compecs Inc., Seoul, Korea

Website and JATS XML File Producer
Min Young Choi
M2PI, Seoul, Korea