Child Health Nursing Research
Enacted in April 2006 and most recently revised in February 2023 and applied from Vol 29, No 2 (April 2023)

Table of Contents

I. General Information - About the Journal - Aims and Scope - Readership	II. Research and Publication Ethics - Research Ethics - Submission declaration and verification - Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statements - Conflict of Interest - Authorship	III. Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation - Types of Manuscripts - Authors of Manuscripts - General Information - Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs - Sequence of Headings in an Original Article - References format - Tables and Figures format - Quotations from Other Sources	IV. Manuscript Submission, Review, and Publication Process - Submission process - Peer review process
V. Article-processing Charge	VI. Copyright, Open Access Policy, and Data Sharing Policy - Copyright - Open access policy - Manuscript archiving policy - Data sharing policy	VII. Open Access License Agreement

I. General Information

1. About the Journal

Child Health Nursing Research (CHNR) is the official peer-reviewed research journal of the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. CHNR is a multidisciplinary, double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research, theory, and review papers on health care and nursing from the beginning of life to young adulthood, including both children and their families. It is devoted to all fields of child health, including global and cultural issues, aimed at both domestic and international healthcare professionals. The journal is published quarterly (Jan 31, Apr 30, July 31, and Oct 31) in English. The journal welcomes submissions from healthcare professionals around the world, and encourages the submission of papers dealing with cultural issues and those studied by international research teams.

- Indexed in major databases: PubMed Central, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, DOAJ, Crossref Metadata, Google Scholar, ScienceCentral, KCI (Korea Citation Index), RISS, KoreaMed, and KoMCI.
- Its abbreviated title is Child Health Nurs Res.
- Open access: All articles published in the journal are freely available with an open access license for everyone to read and download from the CHNR website (http://www.e-chnr.org/) immediately and permanently after publication.

2. Aims and Scope

Child Health Nursing Research aims to promote the health, development, and well-being of children and their families in Korea and all over the world by providing research on evidence-based practices.
Its scope includes the most recent clinically and academically relevant topics in health care and nursing from the beginning of life to young adulthood, including both children and their families. The journal deals with articles that address research, theory, and practice in a wide range of child health nursing areas and relevant cultural issues. Its regional scope is mainly Korea, but it welcomes submissions from researchers and nurses worldwide.
The primary readers of this journal are healthcare professionals, administrators and scientists serving newborns, infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and their families, including nurses, midwives, physicians, developmental specialists, public health workers, scientists, educators, epidemiologists, and other health caregivers.
The ultimate goal of Child Health Nursing Research is to develop a body of knowledge on the health of newborns, infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and their families while improving the clinical field and community with evidence-based practices to promote the health of children and families all over the world.

3. Readership

This journal is published for health care professionals and administrators serving infants, children, adolescents, and families, working to promote child care and welfare. Through CHNR, readers obtain information on the most recent clinically and academically relevant topics in health care and nursing for the life span from the beginning of life to young adulthood, including both children and their family members. Specifically, nurses, midwives, physicians, developmental specialists, and public health workers in the field can obtain the most recent information about health problems and nursing strategies for children and families. Administrators of healthcare facilities and public health centers can access various data regarding health problems and obtain insights into healthcare planning for children and families. Social scientists and epidemiologists can access and utilize data on recent health problems of infants, children, adolescents, and families. Child health educators can obtain the most up-to-date information on child health to convey that knowledge to students in the field of child health care and nursing. Researchers can learn about state-of-the-art research methodology for child health care.

II. Research and Publication Ethics

1. Research Ethics

1) Statements of Human and Animal Rights and Protection: CHNR endorses and follows international standards of ethical practice in human rights and protection and the principles addressed in the Declaration of Helsinki (Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, https://www.wma.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/DoH-Oct2013-JAMA.pdf). According to the Bioethics and Biosafety Act of Korea and in order to meet international standards for ethical practice in human rights and protection, any research involving human subjects must be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). When animals are used as research subjects, the study must be conducted in correspondence with related regulations, such as those of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs, https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ncstate/iacuc.htm), or National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals.pdf). Any treatment methods in conflict with the regulations must be described and may be grounds for rejection of the paper.

2) Statements of Informed Consent: The researcher(s) must also obtain written voluntary informed consent from the participants or their parents or legal guardian. If the research involves a child or any vulnerable subject in any way, special and sensitive protection is needed to ensure the safety and human rights of the subject. When necessary, the editor of CHNR may ask the author(s) to present the relevant document(s) on the human rights and protection issues related to the manuscript, such as the informed consent form or the evidence for the IRB approval of the study.

2. Submission declaration and verification

Duplicate publication or duplicate submission is prohibited in accordance with the ICMJE recommendations (https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/redundant-duplicate-publication-published-article). Manuscripts that have been published or are being submitted to other journal(s) should not be submitted to CHNR. Manuscripts that have been published or are currently under consideration for publication in CHNR must not be submitted to another journal. Upon notice of a duplicate submission, submission privileges to CHNR will be suspended for 2 years.

1) Decision criteria for duplicate publication
The manuscript has never been published in another language or any medium—print, electronic media, or an academic journal.
2) The corresponding author must obtain approval from the editor-in-chief of each related journal if she or he wishes to reprint the published manuscript in another language.
3) The editorial board will determine the nature and degree of the manuscript's duplicate publication or duplicate submission.

3. Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statements

The publication and research ethics of CHNR strictly follow the ICMJE guidelines (http://www.icmje.org/).

1) Reporting standards: Authors should report on their work accurately and objectively without inappropriate manipulation. Authors should describe their methods and procedures in enough detail and present sufficient references so that others can replicate the work. Authors should not produce, record, or report non-existent data and results and should not change or omit data. Authors should also avoid producing multiple publications ("salami slicing") from content that should be only one substantial manuscript. Manuscripts that do not follow the international ethical standards of research and publication (i.e., those that involve fabrication, falsification, salami slicing, plagiarism, or simultaneous/duplicate submission) will not be considered for publication in CHNR. The editorial board will adjudicate the specific reasons for rejection.

2) Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship must be limited to those who have made a substantial contribution to the manuscript in terms of conception and design, as well as the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data. All authors should be involved in drafting and revising the manuscript and must approve the final version of the manuscript. The corresponding author should confirm that all appropriate persons are listed as authors in the manuscript, and all co-authors should approve the final version to be published.

3) Originality and plagiarism: Authors are required to submit original manuscripts and confirm that they have cited or quoted others' ideas and texts appropriately and accurately. Plagiarism means the appropriation of another person's ideas, research processes, results, or text as one's This includes using previously published material of oneself or any other author without citing the references. The editorial board of CHNR uses the Crossref Similarity Check tool to check for plagiarism. If plagiarism is discovered in the manuscript, the manuscript will not be published.

4) Multiple, simultaneous, or duplicate submission: Authors should not submit the same research to more than one journal and should not publish the manuscript in different languages. If authors wish to pursue a secondary publication of the manuscript in another language, they should obtain approval from the editor-in-chief of both related journals. The editorial board will determine the nature and degree of duplicate publication or duplicate submission for the manuscript.

5) Data access and retention: Authors should retain research data and be prepared to allow access to the data in case the editorial board asks them to provide the raw data in connection with the editorial review.

6) Disclosure and conflict of interest: Authors are required to disclose commercial or similar relationships to products or companies mentioned in the article being submitted or related to its subject matter.

7) Acknowledgment of sources: Sources of funding for the manuscript should be acknowledged. Authors should use or report the information obtained privately with explicit, written permission from sources.

8) Fundamental errors in a manuscript: When authors find a fundamental error in a published manuscript, they should immediately inform the editor and cooperate with the editor to correct or withdraw the manuscript.

9) Process for managing publication malpractice: When reviewers or readers suspect publication malpractice such as fabrication, falsification, salami slicing, plagiarism, or simultaneous/duplicate publication; inappropriate changes in authorship, an undisclosed conflict of interest, ethical problems with a submitted manuscript, a reviewer who has appropriated an author's idea or data, complaints against editors, and so on, the process of resolution will be initiated following the flowchart provided by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) (http://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts). The ethics committee will discuss and adjudicate cases of suspected publication malpractice, as well as complaints and appeals against editors. CHNR will not hesitate to publish errata, corrigenda, clarifications, retractions, apologies, and expressions of concern when needed.

4. Conflict of Interest

An article's corresponding author is required to notify the editor of any potential conflicts of interest that might have affected the study's findings or the way the data were interpreted. Even when the authors are certain that their respective judgments were unaffected when producing the article, a potential conflict of interest should be stated on the title page and at the conclusion of the main text. Conflicts of interest can include ties to pharmaceutical corporations on a personal or financial level, political pressure from special interest organizations, or issues in the classroom. The ICMJE Uniform Disclosure Form for Potential Conflicts of Interest (https://www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/) should be used as the model for the disclosure form. The editor will determine whether the conflict of interest disclosure should be made in the final version of the work. All funding sources for a study should be specifically identified. Before assessing a particular paper, CHNR requests that referees notify the editor if they have any conflicts of interest. All article submissions from editors, staff members, or editorial board members are handled in the same manner as unsolicited submissions. They will not participate in the decision-making or reviewer selection process. Even for commissioned manuscripts, editors will not handle their own work.

5. Authorship

The practices of CHNR regarding research and publication ethics strictly follow the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines (http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html), and the Good Publication Practice Guidelines for Medical Journals 4th Edition (ISMPP, 2022, https://www.ismpp.org/gpp-2022).

1) Authorship credit
All other contributors should be credited in the acknowledgments. After the initial submission of a manuscript, any changes whatsoever in authorship (adding author[s], deleting author[s], or re-arranging the order of authors) must be explained in a letter to the editor from the authors concerned. All authors of the paper must sign this letter. Every author must also complete a copyright assignment.

2) Authorship Taxonomy
The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that the descriptions are accurate and agreed upon by all authors. The role(s) of all authors should be listed, using the above relevant categories. Authors may have contributed in multiple roles. CRediT in no way changes the journal's criteria to qualify for authorship. Please select the CRediT (https://credit.niso.org/) statements provided below during the submission process. This information will appear above references section of the published paper, as shown below as an example.

Table 1. Authorship Taxonomy(https://credit.niso.org/)

Term	Definition
Conceptualization	Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims
Methodology	Development or design of methodology; creation of models
Software	Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components
Validation	Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/ reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs
Formal analysis	Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data
Investigation	Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection
Resources	Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools
Data Curation	Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later reuse
Writing – Original Draft	Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation)
Writing – Review & Editing	Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary, or revision – including pre-or post-publication stages
Visualization	Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/ data presentation
Supervision	Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team
Project administration	Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution
Funding acquisition	Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication

3) Corresponding author and first author: CHNR does not allow multiple corresponding authors for a single article. Only one author for each article should correspond with the editorial office and reviewers. CHNR does not allow multiple first authors for a single article.

4) Correction of authorship after publication: CHNR does not correct authorship after publication unless the editorial staff has made a mistake. Authorship may be corrected after submission and before publication if all authors involved with the manuscript request an authorship correction.

III. Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation

1. Types of Manuscripts

This journal publishes original articles, review articles, and editorials on health care and nursing for birth to young people and their families.

- Original articles: CHNR publishes original articles that fit the journal's aims and scope. These comprise comprehensive papers outlining novel research. These are reports of empirical data from top-notch scientific and clinical research studies that have relevance to nursing and health care for people from the beginning of life to young adulthood and their families. Original articles cover children's health issues, with topics encompassing nursing theory, practice, and education, among others. The articles published in CHNR present significant research results obtained using a variety of methodologies, including mixed-method designs, observational, quasi-experimental, and experimental investigations, as well as qualitative methods and measurements, including the development and evaluation of instruments. The appropriate standards should be followed when writing research papers.

- Review articles: Critical presentations on themes of interest and importance to child health nursing theory, practice, and education are included. A review article's body should consist of a thorough evaluation of the literature that is supported by academic research, critical analysis, and reasoned conclusions. We publish comprehensive literature reviews, as well as systematic reviews which target specific research problems, such as scoping reviews. We also release discussion papers, which are academic works with a discursive or argumentative tone. There must always be a discussion and critical evaluation of a significant body of research or other scholarship.

- Editorials: These are by invitation only and feature remarks made by institutional representatives or individual authors on topics of current interest. Authors should get in touch with the manager in the editorial office if they have any suggestions for editorials that deal with topics that are critically important to the discipline, especially those that are contentious or closely related to recent or upcoming journal articles.

2. Authors of Manuscripts

1) Anyone may submit a manuscript for publication in CHNR.
2) If the manuscript is the product of a dissertation, the author must disclose that the manuscript is the product of a dissertation for an academic degree program. The first author must be the author of the dissertation.

3. General Information

1) Submission system
The manuscript must be submitted online through http://www.e-chnr.org/ (website of CHNR) or http://www.chnr-submission.org/ (peer review system of CHNR). There, authors may review the submission instructions and access all submission forms, including the author checklist.

2) Language and style
Every manuscript should be written in English. The author can submit the manuscript as a Microsoft Word file or HWP file with an A4 paper size layout. The margins of the paper should be set as follows: top 30 mm, bottom 25 mm, left 25 mm, and right 25 mm. A 10-point font size should be used, and the text should be double-spaced.

3) Manuscript length
Abstracts, texts, references, tables, and figures included in the manuscript have different limits depending on the type of manuscript submitted, but all submissions must comply with the contents of Table 1. The number of references is recommended to be 30 or fewer for an article. However, the authors can include more references depending on the various article types, which have no limit on references.

Table 2. Recommended maximums for articles submitted to Child Health Nursing Research

	Abstract	Text	Tables & Figures
Original article	250	6,000	5
Review article	250	8,000	5
Editorial	None	2,500	5

4) Abbreviations used
If authors choose to use an English abbreviation, the complete spelling must be used upon first mention, and the abbreviation may be used after that. The title should not include any abbreviations.

5) Samples and participants
Authors should confirm the correct use of the words "sex" (when reporting biological factors) and "gender" (identity, psychosocial, or cultural factors), and report the sex or gender of study participants. Authors should define how they determined race or ethnicity and justify its relevance. If the study was done involving an entire population, the authors should explain the reason.

6) Prior approval for the use of psychosocial questionnaires (survey tools)
Authors must acquire permission for the utilization of any psychosocial questionnaire from the tool's copyright holder.

7) Describing machinery or technical equipment
When identifying machinery and equipment, the following should be included in parentheses: the model, manufacturer. Brand names are identified by ™, ®, etc. Brand names should be used only when necessary.

8) When the manuscript is submitted, references and citations may follow any accepted style:
Examples include National Library of Medicine (NLM) and American Psychological Association (APA) style. However, after the manuscript is accepted, all references and citations must be converted to follow Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 2nd Edition (2007). It is the responsibility of the submitting author(s) to confirm that NLM style guidelines are adhered to prior to final publication.

4. Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs

Research reports frequently omit important information. As such, reporting guidelines have been developed for a number of study designs. Authors are encouraged to consult the reporting guidelines relevant to their research design. A good source of reporting guidelines is the EQUATOR Network (http://www.equator-network.org/home/) and the United States National Institutes of Health/ National Library of Medicine (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/research_report_guide.html).

- Observational cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE)
- Qualitative studies
Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ)
Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR)
- Quasi-experimental/ non-randomized trials
Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-randomized Designs (TREND)
- Randomized (and quasi-randomized) controlled trials
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)
- Study of Diagnostic accuracy/assessment scale
Standards for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD)
- Systematic Review and meta-analysis
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA)
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE)
- Quality improvement studies
Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE)

5. Sequence of Headings in an Original Article

The manuscript should be organized as follows. Each section should be clearly delineated. Instructions for each appear below the list.

Beginning section	- Cover letter - Title page - Abstract and keywords
Middle section (Main text)	- Introduction - Materials and Methods - Results - Discussion - Conclusion
Ending section	- ORCID and ResearcherID - Authors’ contribution - Conflict of interest - Funding resource - Data availability - Acknowledgements - Supplementary materials - References
Other elements	- Tables and Figures

6. References format

7. Tables and Figures format

8. Quotations from Other Sources

Citations may follow any style, for example, NLM, APA, or others.

IV. Manuscript Submission, Review, and Publication Process

1. Submission process

2. Peer review process

V. Article-processing Charge

After the acceptance of the manuscript, the author is responsible for the following fees: a publication fee, a special typesetting fee, and the printing fee for each volume of the paper.
Upon acceptance, an article-processing charge (APC) of 600 USD (600,000 Korean won) per article is requested from the corresponding author.
Authors in developing countries (https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf) may be exempt from author fees after negotiation with the Editorial Board.
If at least one of the authors is a Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing member, the paper will qualify for a discounted submission.

VI. Copyright, Open Access Policy, and Data Sharing Policy

1. Copyright

1) After the acceptance of the manuscript, the author must submit the copyright transfer agreement to the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. All authors should print their names and sign the copyright transfer agreement.

2) All manuscripts published in CHNR are protected by copyright. The copyright and the transfer right of the digital content of the published paper and journal are owned by the Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. All authors should agree to the copyright transfer during the submission process.

2. Open access policy

Child Health Nursing Research (CHNR) is an open-access journal. Articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license, which permits copying and distributing the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the CHNR. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative definition of open access. It also follows the open access policy of PubMed Central at United States National Library of Medicine (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/).
All articles published in the journal are freely available with open access for everyone to read and download from the CHNR website (http://www.e-chnr.org/) immediately and permanently after publication.

3. Manuscript archiving policy

All manuscripts published in CHNR are freely available through open access to read and download from any electronic link, including those found on the CHNR website (http://www.e-chnr.org/) immediately and permanently after publication. In the event CHNR is no longer published, previously published articles will continue to be available via the National Library of Korea (http://nl.go.kr), PubMed Central (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/4129/), and ScienceCentral (https://www.e-sciencecentral.org/journals/169/).

4. Data sharing policy

This journal follows the data sharing policy described in “Data Sharing Statements for Clinical Trials: A Requirement of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors” (https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1051). As of July 1, 2018, manuscripts submitted to ICMJE journals that report the results of interventional clinical trials must contain a data sharing statement as described below. Clinical trials that begin enrolling participants on or after January 1, 2019 must include a data sharing plan in the trial's registration. The ICMJE's policy regarding trial registration is explained at https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html. If the data sharing plan changes after registration, this should be reflected in the statement submitted and published with the manuscript, and updated in the registry record. All authors of research articles dealing with interventional clinical trials must submit a data sharing plan (see examples 1 to 4 in Table 3). Based on the degree of sharing plan, authors should deposit their data after deidentification and report the DOI of the data and the registered site.

Table 3. Examples of data sharing statements that fulfill the requirements of the International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

Element	Example 1	Example 2	Example 3	Example 4
Will individual participant data be available (including data dictionaries)?	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
What data in particular will be shared?	All individual participant data collected during the trial, after deidentification.	Individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, after deidentification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).	Individual participant data that underlie the results reported in this article, after deidentification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).	Not available
What other documents will be available?	Study protocol, statistical analysis plan, informed consent form, clinical study report, analytic code	Study protocol, statistical analysis plan, analytic code	Study protocol	Not available
When will data be available (start and end dates)?	Immediately following publication. No end date.	Beginning at 3 months and ending at 5 years following the article publication.	Beginning at 9 months and ending at 36 months following the article publication.	Not applicable
With whom?	Anyone who wishes to access the data.	Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal.	Investigators whose proposed use of the data has been approved by an independent review committee (“learned intermediary”) identified for this purpose.	Not applicable
For what types of analyses?	Any purpose	To achieve aims in the approved proposal.	For individual participant data meta-analysis.	Not applicable
By what mechanism will data be made available?	Data are available indefinitely at (link to be included).	Proposals should be directed to xxx@yyy. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.	Proposals may be submitted up to 36 months following article publication. After 36 months the data will be available in our University's data warehouse but without investigator support other than deposited metadata.	Not applicable
		Data are available for 5 years at a third-party website (link to be included).	Information regarding submitting proposals and accessing data may be found at (link to be provided).

VII. Open Access License Agreement

It is identical to the "Creative Commons Attribution License."

Editorial Office

Child Health Nursing Research
Editor-in-Chief
Yunsoo Kim, RN, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Nursing,
Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
Tel: +82-33-649-7614, Fax: +82-33-649-7620, E-mail: agneskim@cku.ac.kr

Manuscript Editor
Hyunju Ha
MEDrang Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Junghwa Kang, RN, MS
Department of Nursing,
Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
Tel: +82-33-649-7614, Fax: +82-33-649-7620, E-mail: junghwa87@gmail.com

Layout Editor
Beom Soo Kim
MedicalLove Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea

English Editor
Andrew Dombrowski, Compecs, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea

Website and JATS XML File Producer
Min Young Choi
M2Pi, Seoul, Republic of Korea