PURPOSE
The main purpose of this study was to describe the relationship of mothers' parenting attitude as perceived by the child to self-esteem, and school adjustment of school age children with Tetrology of Fallot (TOF).
METHODS
In this study a self-administered questionnaire survey was used to collect the data. The participants included 38 children who were registered in a pediatric cardiology clinic in one tertiary medical center. Their ages were between 11 and 15 years. They were diagnosed with TOF, and had no other congenital problems. Data were collected from November 1 to November 30, 2009. After obtaining telephone consent from the mothers and children, questionnaires were mailed to 64 participants and 38 questionnaires were returned. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) WIN 15.0 version.
RESULTS
There was a significant correlation between perceived parenting attitude, self-esteem, and school adjustment of children with TOF.
CONCLUSION
Children who perceive their mothers' parenting attitude to be more positive also report higher self-esteem and better school adjustment. These findings are similar to other studies done with healthy school age children. However, parents of children with TOF may require different parenting approaches to foster positive self-esteem and school adjustment.

Citations

• School Adaptation Program for School-Age Children with Emotional and Behavioral Problems
  Haeryun Cho, Shin-Jeong Kim, Myung Soon Kwon, Jina Oh, Woojae Han
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 141.     CrossRef
• The life experiences of Korean children and adolescents with complex congenital heart disease: A qualitative study
  Sunhee Lee, So‐Sun Kim
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2012; 14(3): 398.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to describe utilization status of emergency medical service for children at one university affiliated hospital located in Seoul. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients under 13 years of age who visited the ER from January 1 to December 31, 2006.
METHOD
Medical records missing the time of discharge were excluded in the analysis of waiting time, which resulted in 19,766 cases. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 14.0 version.
RESULT
There were slightly more boys (58.4%), average age of the children was 3.97 years of age. More children at the aged 1 to 3 years (51.3%) visited the ER. Fever was the most frequent complaint: 5,180 cases (24.38%). The other complaints were head or facial laceration (10.55%), vomiting (9.63%), abdominal pain (8.06%), cough (7.67%), and painful limb swelling (6.34%). Average waiting time before the first medical examination was 17 minutes, and average ER stay time was 3 hours and 23 minutes.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest the need to assign a nurse specialist for pediatric ER to provide more efficient care for the children. Also, extra staff assignment during the evening shift or extending office hours of local pediatricians should be considered.