| Original Article | | | | | | | Relationships between Parenting Behavior, Parenting Efficacy, Adaptation Stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Mothers who Defected from North Korean | | In-Sook Lee,1Ho Ran Park,*2Hyun Jeong Park,3and Young Hye Park4 | 1Doctoral Student, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| 2Professor, College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| 3Full-time Instructor, College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| 4Director, The Catholic Health Association of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| *Address reprint requests to: Park, Ho Ran. College of Nursing, The Catholic University, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2258-7406, Fax: 82-2-2258-7772, Email: hrpark@catholic.ac.kr | | Received September 24, 2010; Revised October 13, 2010; Accepted October 20, 2010.
| Abstract |
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) among mothers who have defected from North Korean. MethodsA descriptive study was conducted to illustrate the parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD and report the relationships among them. Data were collected between August and November of 2009 in Hanawon and 105 mothers who met eligibility criteria participated in the study. ResultsIgnorant/controlling parenting behavior of parenting showed the highest score in our study. The level of parenting efficacy was 2.72±0.36 and adaptation stress level was 3.35±0.47 showing perceived hostility the highest and homesickness the lowest. Participants with moderate to severe PTSD accounted for 79.5% of the mothers, and 75% of them reported symptoms for 3 months or more. Authoritative parenting behavior showed negative relationships with parenting efficacy, cultural crisis and fear, adaptation stress and PTSD. ConclusionMothers who have defected from showed negative parenting behaviors and high adaptation stress level and PTSD while parenting efficacy was high. These findings indicate that parenting intervention programs which can guide these mothers towards positive parenting behaviors need to be developed. |
| | Keywords: Parenting, Efficacy, Stress, PTSD. |
| | 
| Table 1
General Characteristics (N=105) | |
|
| | 
| Table 2
Parenting Behavior (N=105) | |
|
| | 
| Table 3
Adaptation Stress (N=105) | |
|
| | 
| Table 4
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (N=105) | |
|
| | 
| Table 5
Correlation between Parenting Behavior, Parenting Efficacy, Adaptation Stress and PTSD (N=105) | |
|
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Catholic Medical Center Research Foundation made in the program year of 2009. | | | 1. | Ahn H.N. An exploratory study on the effects of psychological trauma on posttraumatic stress symptoms and personality characteristics in adolescents. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2005;17:217–231.
| | | 2. | Ahn J.Y., Park S.Y. The effects of maternal parental beliefs, efficacy and stress on mother's parenting behaviors. Journal of the Korea Home Economics Association 2002;40:53–68.
| | | 3. | Baik J.W. Parenting behaviors and child behavior problems of depressed and non-depressed mothers : Comparisons between mother's perception and child's perception. Seoul: Ewha Woman's University; 2009.
| | | 4. | Baik Y.O. Research on the actual conditions of the North Korean female defectors in China and aids policies for them. North Korean studies review 2002;16:241–264.
| | | 5. | Bokszczanin A. Parental support, family conflict, and overprotectiveness: Predicting PTSD symptom levels of adolescents 28 months after a natural disaster. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 2008;21:325–335.
  | | | 6. | Caplan S. Latinos, acculturation, and acculturative stress: A dimensional concept analysis. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice 2007;8:93–106.
| | | 7. | Choi K.W. The Relationship between mothers' efficacy, mothers' marital satisfaction, and mothering behaviors. Hwasung: Suwon University; 2004.
| | | 8. | Floyd F.J., Gilliom L.A., Costigan C.L. Marriage and the parenting alliance: Longitudinal prediction of change in parenting perceptions and behaviors. Child Development 1998;69:1461–1479.
| | | 9. | Foa E.B., Cashman L., Jaycox L., Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment 1997;9:445–451.
| | | 10. | Foss G.F. Maternal sensitivity, posttraumatic stress, and acculturation in Vietmamese and Hmong mothers. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 2001;26:257–263.
| | | 11. | Hong C.H. The 3 yr follow up study of posttraumatic stress disorder of North Korean defectors. Seoul: Yonsei University; 2005.
| | | 12. | Hong J.E. Analysis of North Korean defectors parent's changes and problems in child-rearing. Seoul: Seoul Women's University; 2003.
| | | 13. | Jeon H.M. The Relationship of mother's parenting efficacy, parenting behavior and toddler's personality. Ajou University: Suwon; 2009.
| | | 14. | Jin H.J. The effect of acculturation and acculturative stress on parenting self-efficacy of immigrant mothers for marriage. Gyeongsan: Catholic University of Daegu; 2010.
| | | 15. | Kang S.N. Development of trauma scale for North Korean defector. Seoul: Yonsei University; 2001.
| | | 16. | Kim H.M., Do H.S. Maternal parenting stress, efficacy, and behavior. Korean Journal of Child Studies 2004;25:279–298.
| | | 17. | Kim S.S. The relationship parenting efficacy of low economic class mother and parenting behavior of social support. Seoul: Kyunghee University; 2009.
| | | 18. | The entry number of North Korean defectors. Korea National Statistical Office. 2008 [Retrieved October 18, 2010].
| | | 19. | Lee S.J. Relations between the acculturative stress and belief system, social support of international student. Seoul: Yonsei University; 1995.
| | | 20. | Lee S.R. Study on acculturative stress among North Korean defectors. Seoul: Ewha Woman's University; 1997.
| | | 21. | Newman K., Harrison L., Dashiff C., Davies S. Relationships between parenting style and risk behaviors in adolescent health: An integrative literature review. Revista Latino- Americana Enfermagem 2008;16:142–150.
| | | 22. | Park H.M. Relationship of mothers' parenting, preschool children's stress and problem behavior. Seoul: Ewha Woman's University; 2010.
| | | 23. | Park J.Y. The relationships between the bullying or the victimized children's behaviors and parental rearing behaviors : Focusing on the children's communication, and children's problem solving skills. Seoul: Sungshin Women's University; 2008.
| | | 24. | Parke R.D., Coltrane S., Duffy S., Buriel R., Dennis J., Powers J., et al. Economic stress, parenting, and child adjustment in Mexican American and European American families. Child Development 2004;75:1632–1656.
| | | 25. | Robertson C.L., Halcon L., Savik K., Johnson D., Spring M., Butcher J., et al. Somali and Oromo defector women: Trauma and associated factors. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006;56:577–587.
| | | 26. | Sandhu D.S., Asrabadi B.R. Development of an acculturative stress scale for international students: Preliminary findings. Psychological reports 1994;75:435–448.
| | | 27. | Seo B.R. Saetomin adolescent's acculturative stress and drinking behavior: moderating effect of social support and alcohol expectancy. Seoul: Chung-ang University; 2007.
| | | 28. | Seo J.Y. A study on post-traumatic stress disorder and social adaptation of North Korean defectors. Seoul: Ewha Woman's University; 2006.
| | | 29. | Shin H.S., Han H.R., Kim M.T. Predictors of psychological well-being amongst Korean immigrants to the United States: A structured interview survey. International Journal of Nursing studies 2007;44:415–426.
| | | 30. | Stephanie J.W., Gayle G.P., Thomas S.A. Predicting immune status in women from PTSD and childhood and adult violence. Advances in Nursing Science 2005;28:306–319.
| |
|
|
|
