The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare center teachers in South Korea

Shin, Jieun; You, Sun Young; Jieun Shin; Sun Young You

doi:10.4094/chnr.2021.27.1.56

Child Health Nurs Res > Volume 27(1):2021 > Article

Shin and You: The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare center teachers in South Korea

Original Article

Child Health Nursing Research Vol.27, No.1, January 2021: 56-64

https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.1.56

The mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare center teachers in South Korea

Jieun Shin¹, Sun Young You²

¹Assistant Professor, Liberal Arts, Woosuk University, Wanju, Korea

²Assistant Professor, College of Nursing, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Sun Young You, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2763-1403, College of Nursing, Sungshin Women’s University, 55 Dobong-ro, 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Korea, TEL +82-2-920-2715, FAX +82-504-181-6210, E-MAIL sy-you@sungshin.ac.kr

Received December 08, 2020 Received in revised form December 25, 2020 Accepted January 05, 2021

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated the practices of preventing infectious diseases by daycare center teachers. The focus was on the mediating effects of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases.

Methods

This study used a descriptive correlational design. The participants were 164 daycare center teachers. Hierarchical regression was used to test the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression. The mediation effect was analyzed using an SPSS Macro program, PROCESS.

Results

Significant relationships were found between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases (β=.19, p<.001), self-efficacy and practices of preventing infectious diseases (β=.59, p<.001), and communication skills and self-efficacy (β=.27, p<.001). Self-efficacy had a significant mediating effect (β=.17, 95% confidence interval=0.07-0.29) on practices of preventing infectious diseases.

Conclusion

In order to improve practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare teachers, it is necessary to develop and apply interventions and methods that can increase effective communication skills and self-efficacy.

Key words: Child day care centers; Communication; Self-efficacy; Infection; Prevention

INTRODUCTION

1. Background

The transition towards the nuclear family and the increase in women’s economic activities are causing challenges in raising children compared to the past [1,2]. In South Korea (hereafter, Korea), various childcare policies are being implemented to reduce the burden of parenting at home and to increase the fertility rate [3]. Starting in 2013, free education for children aged 0-5 years was introduced [4], and the number of childcare facilities increased from only 1,919 in 1990 to 37,371 in 2019 [5]. In recent years, interest in the quality of child safety and health management is increasing, instead of a focus on increasing the quantity of childcare facilities and simple child-rearing [6,7].

Children interact in groups at daycare centers and are at the oral stage of development [6]. In addition, children are more likely to contract various infectious diseases because their immune systems are not fully developed compared to adults [8]. For this reason, infectious diseases continue to occur at daycare centers, affecting children’s health and well-being [9]. Of particular note, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged in China in 2019, has caused a global pandemic [10]. Daycare centers are not a safe place in terms of COVID-19 infection, and an increasing number of teachers and students are infected with COVID-19 [8,11].

According to Korea’s Child Care Act, the ultimate goal of health management for infants and toddlers is to protect the mind and body of infants and to educate them soundly to nurture them as members of a healthy society, as well as to promote family welfare by ensuring that parents’ economic and social activities are smoothly performed [12]. Nurses were assigned to daycare centers that care for more than 100 infants and toddlers to take care of the health and safety of children [12]. However, in reality, nurses are rarely assigned to daycare centers, and daycare center teachers play a comparable role regarding the health and safety of children. Infants and toddlers using daycare centers spend most of their time with childcare teachers in childcare facilities [12,13]. At daycare centers, teachers are in charge of not only caring for infants and children, as well as the management and operation of childcare facilities, but also health care and counseling with guardians [13]. In the current situation, childcare teachers are in an important position to detect health problems early by maintaining and promoting the health of infants and young children, preventing diseases, and seeking help from guardians or experts [14].

In the effective management of infectious diseases of infants and toddlers at childcare centers, the practices of preventing infectious diseases before they occur is emphasized rather than coping with infections after they occur [9,13]. An individual’s communication skills influence the achievement of effective goals within an organization [15]. In Jeong and Kim’s study [16], communication skills were found to improve problem-solving abilities among daycare center teachers. Above all, daycare center teachers, who are non-medical professionals in charge of preventing and managing children’s infectious diseases at daycare centers, require effective communication skills to practices infectious disease prevention [13,14]. Daycare teachers are also required to communicate effectively about infectious diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic situation [14]. Effective communication skills of daycare teachers are thought to help prevent infectious diseases, but research on this issue is insufficient. Self-efficacy is defined as an individual’s confidence in being able to take adaptive actions and to manage the many unpredictable environmental demands that he or she faces [17]. In the prevention of infectious diseases, self-efficacy refers to an individual’s skills to evaluate his or her degree of knowledge and willingness for behavior change [18]. In the study of Yang and Kwon [19], the self-efficacy of daycare center teachers increased practices of preventing infectious diseases.

A previous study found that communication skills between daycare center teachers and parents influenced teachers’ self-efficacy [20]. However, research on the relationship between the communication skills of daycare center teachers and self-efficacy for preventing infectious diseases is insufficient. In order to practice health promotion behaviors for infectious disease prevention, it is necessary to understand the relationship between the child-care teachers’ communication skills (as a personal characteristic) and self-efficacy (as a behavior- related characteristic). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the degree of communication skills, self-efficacy, and practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare teachers. In addition, the purpose of this study was to determine how communication skills affected practices of preventing infectious disease, and how self-efficacy mediated that relationship. Through this, we intended to provide basic data for the development of strategies to increase practices of preventing infectious diseases by daycare teachers.

The purpose of this study was to verify the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare center teachers. The specific purposes of this study were as follows. First, differences in communication skills, self-efficacy, and practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare teachers according to teachers’ general characteristics were investigated. Second, the relationships between communication skills, self-efficacy, and practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare teachers were investigated. Third, the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship of communication skills with practices of preventing infectious diseases among daycare teachers was investigated.

METHODS

1. Study Design

This descriptive correlation study was conducted to determine the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and infectious disease prevention practices among daycare center teachers.

2. Measures

1) Communication skills competence

Communication skills competence is the ability to communicate and understand opinions through interactions with others [21], and in this study, it referred to the ability of daycare center teachers to effectively interact with others by recognizing and utilizing appropriate means of communication in relationships with others. The questionnaire of Kim et al. [15], which modified and supplemented the communication ability measurement tool developed by Heo [22], was used. This tool is presented on a 5-point Likert scale with a total of 15 questions, and each question is to be answered on a 5-point scale from “not at all (1 point)” to “very much so (5 points).” A higher score indicates higher communication skills. When the tool was developed, the reliability was indicated by a Cronbach’s α of .89 [15]. The Cronbach’s α of the tool was .86 in this study.

2) Self-efficacy in prevention of infectious diseases

Self-efficacy is the belief that an individual can perform a job successfully, and an individual’s belief in one’s confidence and confidence in one’s ability to organize and perform the actions necessary to perform a particular action in a particular situation [17]. Kim and Park [18] developed a tool to measure self-efficacy in prevention of infectious diseases among daycare teachers, which consists of a total of 15 questions on a 4-point scale from “not at all (1 point)” to “Strongly agree (4 points)” [18]. A higher score indicates higher self-efficacy. When the tool was developed, the reliability was indicated by a Cronbach’s α of .90 [18]. The tool’s Cronbach’s α was .87 in this study.

3) Practices of preventing infectious diseases

Practices of preventing infectious diseases are actions that daycare center teachers must carry out to prevent children from contracting infectious diseases [18]. This study used a tool that was developed by Kim and Park in 2014 [18]. The degree of practices of preventing infectious diseases was assessed using 15 questions, each of which was answered on a 4-point scale from “not at all (1 point)” to “very much so (4 points).” A higher score indicates a higher level of practice of preventing infectious disease. This tool consists of three subcategories: “sanitary management” for preventing infectious diseases, “observing and dealing with infectious diseases,” and “environmental management.” The reliability of this tool at the time of development was shown by a Cronbach’s α of .86 [18]. The Cronbach’s α of the tool was .86 in this study.

3. Data Collection

The data collection for this study was conducted for 4 weeks (from July 11 to August 1, 2020) after Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Due to the spread of COVID-19, visits to daycare centers by outsiders are limited, so the research director distributed descriptive questionnaires to teachers, colleagues, and directors, most of whom the research director knew. For data collection, the researcher called childcare facilities located in A city, K city, and S city to explain the purpose and method of the study and asked for consent to participate in the study. Data were collected from questionnaires administered to teachers at six childcare facilities that agreed to participate in the study. The survey was conducted in the director’s office or the counseling room, where the childcare teacher could comfortably participate in the study, and the survey took about 20 to 30 minutes.

4. Participants

The participants in this study were teachers working at daycare centers. The basis for the calculation of the subject size for this study was calculated as a minimum sample size of 134 subjects with an effect size of .30, a significance level of .05, and a power of .95 using t G*Power version 3.1.2. The criteria for selecting participants for the study were as follows. First, adults over the age of 20 years and under the age of 65 years; second, teachers in charge of childcare at daycare centers; third, childcare teachers who agreed to participate in this study; childcare teachers who could understand and respond to the content of the questionnaire. Questionnaires were administered to 175 people considering the possibility of incomplete responses; after the exclusion of nine questionnaires with insufficient responses, surveys from 164 respondents were surveyed.

5. Data Analysis

The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The frequency and percentage (%) of the variables for subjects’ general characteristics were presented. In addition, differences in communication skills, self-efficacy, and practices of preventing infectious diseases according to general characteristics were compared by the independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The relationships between communication skills, self-efficacy, and practices of preventing infectious diseases were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. To investigate the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases, the hierarchical regression technique presented by Baron and Kenny [23] was used, and Hayes’s [24] SPSS Macro program, PROCESS, was used for the analysis. Of the various PROCESS analysis methods, model 4 was used in this study, with 5,000 rounds for bootstrapping, The mediating effect was tested at a 95% confidence interval.

6. Ethical Considerations

This study was conducted after deliberation by the Research Ethics Committee of Sungshin Women’s University to which the researcher is affiliated (IRB No. SSWUIRB-2020-020). Participants who decided to complete the questionnaire received an explanation of the purpose of the study and the research process. In this study, subjects who provided voluntary consent in oral and written form completed the questionnaire. It was explained before the start of data collection that if it was uncomfortable to answer the questionnaire, participants had the right not to answer the questions, and that participation in the study could be withdrawn. The completed questionnaires were kept so that they were not exposed to others, and personal information was managed by assigning a unique number to each participant. The researcher explained to the survey participants that the researcher would directly discard the data collected at the end of the study. It was explained that the research report would be prepared without revealing the personal information of the participants, and the research was conducted with the participants who agreed. Records regarding consent to participate in the study were kept separately.

RESULTS

1. General Characteristics of Participants

The demographic and sociological characteristics of the daycare teachers consisted of eight categories: age, marital status, type of facility, career experience, size of facility, sources of information on infection, experience of education (infection prevention), and perceived requirements for infection prevention. All 164 participants in the study were women. The distribution of age was as follows: 20-29 years, 7.3% (12 persons); 30-39 years, 28.7% (47 persons); 40-49 years, 51.8% (85 persons); 50-59 years, 12.2% (20 persons). Regarding marital status, 74.4% (122 persons) of the participants were married and 25.6% (42 persons) were unmarried. Most of the respondents worked at private childcare facilities (53.1%; 85 persons), followed by family education facilities (25.6%; 41 persons), government support childcare facilities (10.0%; 16 persons), and others (11.3%; 18 persons). Most of the respondents (66.5%; 109 persons) had between 5 and 10 years of experience, 17.7% (29 persons) had more than 10 years of experience, and 15.8% (26 persons) had less than 5 years of experience. The majority of the respondents (59.8%; 98 persons) worked at childcare centers with 50 or fewer children, 26.2% (43 persons) worked at centers with 51-100 children, and 14.0% (23 persons) worked at centers with 101 or more children. The most common source of information on infection was continuing education (43.3%; 71 persons), followed by infection prevention guidelines (26.2%; 43 persons), the internet (22.0%; 36 persons), and others (8.5%; 14 persons). Over three-quarters of respondents (76.2%; 125 persons) reported having received education on this topic. The most necessary item for infection prevention was improvement of awareness of infection prevention by teachers and parents (62.2%; 102 persons), followed by regular infection prevention education for the participants (15.8%; 26 persons), others (10.4%; 17 persons), the presence of a resident nurse (6.7%; 11 persons), and regular visit training by experts (4.9%; 8 persons) (Table 1).

2. Differences in Communication Skills, Self-efficacy, and Practices of Preventing Infectious Diseases by General Characteristics of Participants

Differences in communication skills, self-efficacy, and practices of preventing infectious diseases according to the general characteristics of the study participants were analyzed. No statistically significant difference in communication skills was found according to general characteristics.

There was a statistically significant difference in the sense of self-efficacy according to the source of infection prevention information (F=3.05, p=.030) and whether participants had received education on infection prevention (t=3.11, p=.002). Similarly, statistically significant differences in practices of preventing infectious diseases were found according to the source of infection prevention information (F=2.91, p=.036) and whether participants had received information on this issue (t=3.19, p=.002) (Table 1).

3. Correlations among Communication Skills, Self-efficacy, and Practices of Preventing Infectious Diseases

Practices of preventing infectious diseases were significantly positively correlated with communication skills (r=.35, p<.001) and self-efficacy (r=.65, p<.001). Communication skills were also significantly positively correlated with self-efficacy (r=.27, p<.001) (Table 2).

4. Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy in the Relationships between Communication Skills and Practices of Preventing Infectious Diseases

We performed a three-step regression process [20]. Prior to the analysis, the absence of multicollinearity was confirmed, as tolerance was above the cutoff of 0.1 (at 0.9-1.0) and the variance inflation factors were below 10 (at 1.0-1.1). The normality of the error term was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and normality was confirmed with a p-value of larger than .050 (.056-.273) [25]. Further, the independence of residuals was confirmed with a d-value of 1.6-2.1 in the Durbin-Watson test, thereby confirming the absence of autocorrelation.

The independent variable of communication skills had a significant effect on the parameter of self-efficacy (β=.27, p< .001) and the dependent variable of practices of preventing infectious diseases (β=.19, p=.002). In addition, after the mediating variable (self-efficacy), the independent variable (communication skills) had a significant effect on the dependent variable (practices of preventing infectious diseases), which confirmed that self-efficacy support had a partial mediating role (Table 3).

Since the lower and upper coefficients of the 95% confidence interval did not contain 0, the mediating effect of self-efficacy was statistically significant (Table 3, Figure 1).

DISCUSSION

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, societal interest in effective infectious disease prevention at daycare centers is increasing [10]. This study was conducted to investigate daycare center teachers’ communication skills, self-efficacy, and practices of preventing infectious diseases, and to identify factors that affected the practices of preventing infectious diseases.

Daycare center teachers are in charge of managing infectious diseases as part of their responsibility for the health of infants and toddlers at childcare facilities [8,11]. In this study, daycare teachers’ sources of information on infection, experiences of education, and perceived requirements for infection prevention were identified. Continuing education was the most common source of information (43.3%). However, continuing education is not conducted annually on a regular basis for all teachers [26]. Of the total of 80 hours of education, the allocation of 3 hours to education on infection is very inadequate [26]. Based on these findings, continuing education should be regularly provided to daycare center teachers every year, or steps should be taken to expand the sources of information from which they can acquire knowledge about infection. In this study, 76.2% of teachers had received education on infection prevention. Teachers who had received education on infection prevention showed statistically significantly higher self-efficacy in preventing infectious diseases and practicing infectious disease prevention than teachers who had not received education on this topic. In the study of Back and Kim [13], daycare center teachers’ knowledge of infectious diseases was low, and the demand for education was high. In the study of Yang and Kwon [19], daycare teachers’ knowledge of infectious diseases was found to be an important factor related to practices of preventing infectious diseases. As revealed in previous studies [11,14] and in the results of this study, infectious disease prevention education programs for daycare teachers must be developed and implemented for the effective prevention and management of infectious diseases. In addition, when developing an infectious disease prevention education program, customized education reflecting the needs of daycare teachers is required, not uniform education.

This study found that the communication skills of daycare center teachers had a significant effect on self-efficacy and practices of preventing infectious diseases. The government provides childcare center teachers with guidelines for each stage of the spread of infectious diseases to lead a stable response to infectious diseases [11,26,27]. Since 2006, when transmission of an infectious disease occurs in a childcare facility, the situation has been entered into an integrated information system [7,11]. Daycare teachers play an important role in maintaining and promoting the health of infants and young children through effective communication skills [11,13]. In the study of Melnick and Darling-Hammond [28], emphasis was placed on promoting cooperation between daycare center teachers and parents. This study emphasized the need to create an environment in which teachers and institutions can properly recognize the importance of communication and can actively communicate with parents [27]. Parents had a high degree of dependence on daycare teachers in obtaining information about child rearing [27]. Recently, unverified folk remedies and prevention methods have been being delivered to parents through internet portal sites or mom cafes. Therefore, daycare center teachers must deliver accurate medical information regarding the prevention of infectious diseases [11,14,26]. This study is significant in that it confirmed the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases.

In this study, significant positive correlations were found between the communication skills of daycare teachers, self-efficacy in preventing infectious diseases, and practices of preventing infectious disease. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between teachers’ communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases. These results are consistent with previous studies showing that a sense of self-efficacy in preventing infectious diseases helps to foster practices of preventing infectious diseases [19,27]. Previous research has mainly focused on knowledge, confidence in practice, and educational needs with an impact on infectious disease prevention practices [19,20,27]. However, in the event of an infectious disease such as COVID-19, in order to prevent infectious diseases, the importance of daycare teachers having an understanding of the governmental response guidelines for infectious diseases and close communication with parents is emphasized [11,26] Recently, Seoul has implemented a daycare center visiting nurse system to foster effective communication skills among daycare teachers and to respond appropriately to prevent infectious diseases [29]. In the study of You and Joo [30], daycare center teachers complained of the burden of children’s health management and yearned for new health management methods. As an alternative to this, they wanted the daycare center to become a healthier childcare environment through the visiting nurse system. It is suggested that visiting nurses should provide knowledge about infectious diseases to teachers and parents.

Existing studies have mainly focused on the knowledge, self-efficacy, educational needs, role recognition, and other factors that affect infectious disease prevention practices among daycare teachers and the relationships between them [18–20]. However, in this study, there was a partial mediating effect of self-efficacy for preventing infectious diseases in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious disease. These results are similar to earlier findings that self-efficacy influences infectious disease prevention practices [19]. The results of this study on the mediating effect of self-efficacy indicate that efforts are needed to improve both communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases. Above all, in this study, the self-efficacy of daycare center teachers had a partial mediating effect on practices of preventing infectious diseases. In order to understand the effect of communication skills on the practices of preventing infectious diseases, it is necessary to explore other mediating factors than self-efficacy.

The limitations of this study are as follows. First, it was conducted among female teachers who worked at five daycare centers in A city, K city, and S city that were identified through convenience sampling, and there are restrictions on generalization. Second, this study focused on confirming the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between the communication ability of daycare center teachers practices of preventing infectious diseases, and did not analyze the relationship between the general characteristics of participants and major variables. Despite these limitations, this study obtained basic data and evidence on practices of preventing infectious diseases by investigating daycare teachers’ communication skills and self-efficacy for infectious diseases prevention. This study is meaningful in that it presents a strategy for practices of preventing infectious diseases by confirming the mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious disease.

CONCLUSION

This study was conducted to identify the factors that influence childcare teachers’ practices of preventing infectious diseases. Previous experiences of infection education showed a significant relationship with self-efficacy and practices of infectious disease prevention. The communication skills of childcare teachers had an effect on their practices of preventing infectious diseases, and self-efficacy for preventing infectious diseases played a mediating role. Based on the results of this study, the following suggestions are made. First, it is necessary to develop an environment and an intervention program for daycare center teachers to receive regular and systematic infection education. Second, it is necessary to provide customized education that reflects daycare center teachers’ levels of existing education and needs. Third, it is necessary to identify effective communication skills for practices of preventing infectious diseases between daycare center teachers and parents. Fourth, it is necessary to develop an intervention program that improves communication skills and self-efficacy for preventing infectious diseases in order to increase practices of preventing infectious diseases by daycare teachers. Fifth, in the COVID-19 pandemic situation, it is necessary to establish a support system in which professional medical personnel can effectively prevent and manage infectious diseases through regular visits to daycare centers by visiting nurses.

Notes

Conflict of interest

No existing or potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

This study was supported by the research fund of the Sungshin Women’s University of Korea in 2020.

Data availability

Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.

Acknowledgements

None.

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Figure 1

Mediating effect of self-efficacy between communication skills and practices of preventing infectious diseases. The significance of mediation: Boot coefficient=0.17±0.06 (95% confidence interval=0.07-0.29).

Table 1

Differences in the Study Variables by General Characteristics of Participants (N=164)

Characteristic	Categories	n (%)	Communication skills		Self-efficacy		PPID

			M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	20-29	12 (7.3)	3.99±0.47	1.41 (.242)	3.33±0.46	1.28 (.282)	3.41±0.43	0.73 (.533)
	30-39	47 (28.7)	4.08±0.37		3.20±0.40		3.33±0.33
	40-49	85 (51.8)	3.99±0.35		3.21±0.41		3.26±0.42
	50-59	20 (12.2)	3.89±0.32		3.39±0.41		3.33±0.4

Marital status	Married	122 (74.4)	3.99±0.34	0.66 (.420)	3.23±0.42	0.10 (.748)	3.31±0.39	0.19 (.665)
Marital status	Unmarried	42 (25.6)	4.05±0.42	0.66 (.420)	3.26±0.39	0.10 (.748)	3.28±0.39	0.19 (.665)

Type of facility*	Private childcare facility	85 (53.1)	4.01±0.38	0.41 (.744)	3.22±0.41	0.43 (.731)	3.31±0.39	0.90 (.441)
	Government support childcare facility	16 (10.0)	4.07±0.38		3.23±0.47		3.28±0.37
	Family education facility	41 (25.6)	3.98±0.35		3.30±0.45		3.34±0.39
	Others	18 (11.3)	3.95±0.28		3.18±0.33		3.16±0.48

Career experience (year)	<5	26 (15.8)	3.94±0.28	0.96 (.386)	3.31±0.36	1.30 (.275)	3.37±0.36	0.73 (.482)
	≥5&<10	109 (66.5)	4.03±0.38		3.25±0.44		3.27±0.41
	≥10	29 (17.7)	3.97±0.35		3.14±0.32		3.33±0.37

Size of facility (person)	≤50	98 (59.8)	3.98±0.36	1.22 (.298)	3.27±0.40	2.08 (.128)	3.32±0.37	0.27 (.762)
	>50&≤100	43 (26.2)	4.08±0.37		3.26±0.47		3.27±0.43
	>100	23 (14.0)	3.98±0.40		3.08±0.34		3.27±0.43

Sources of information on infection	Continuing education	71 (43.3)	4.02±0.38	0.18 (.910)	3.29±0.40	3.05 (.030)	3.36±0.37	2.91 (.036)
	Infection prevention guidelines	43 (26.2)	4.00±0.33		3.31±0.42		3.34±0.37
	Internet	36 (22.0)	4.00±0.40		3.13±0.41		3.20±0.44
	Others	14 (8.5)	3.95±0.32		3.03±0.34		3.10±0.36

Experience of education (infection prevention)	No	39 (23.8)	4.03±0.34	0.38 (.703)	3.07±0.42	3.11 (.002)	3.13±0.44	3.19 (.002)
Experience of education (infection prevention)	Yes	125 (76.2)	4.00±0.37	0.38 (.703)	3.29±0.39	3.11 (.002)	3.35±0.36	3.19 (.002)

Requirements for infection prevention	Regular education	26 (15.8)	4.04±0.39	1.62 (.171)	3.23±0.43	0.75 (.563)	3.23±0.36	0.67 (.612)
	Resident nurse	11 (6.7)	3.76±0.22		3.20±0.33		3.21±0.50
	Improvement of awareness of infection prevention by teachers and parents	102 (62.2)	4.03±0.37		3.26±0.41		3.30±0.38
	Regular visit training	8 (4.9)	3.89±0.13		3.01±0.34		3.41±0.34
	Others	17 (10.4)	4.02±0.40		3.26±0.46		3.38±0.49

^* Missing data were not included;

PPID, practices of preventing infectious diseases.

Table 2

Correlations among Study Variables (N=164)

Variables	Communication skills	Self-efficacy	Practices of preventing infectious diseases

	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Communication skills	1

Self-efficacy	.27 (<.001)	1

Practices of preventing infectious diseases	.35 (<.001)	.65 (<.001)	1

Table 3

Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy in the Relationship between Communication Skills and Practices of Preventing Infectious Diseases (N=164)

Variables	B	β	t (p)	R²	Adj. R²	F (p)
1. Communication skills → self-efficacy	0.31	.27	3.59 (<.001)	.074	.068	12.89 (<.001)

2. Communication skills → PPID	0.38	.35	4.82 (<.001)	.125	.120	23.24 (<.001)

3. Communication skills, self-efficacy → PPID				.450	.443	65.93 (<.001)
1) Communication skills → PPID	0.21	.19	3.19 (.002)
2) Self-efficacy → PPID	0.56	.59	9.75 (<.001)

	Mediating effect: Boot coefficient=0.17±0.06 (95% CI=0.07~0.29)

CI, confidence interval; PPID, practices of preventing infectious diseases.