Purpose
This study examined the effects of upright nesting compared with swaddling on physiological status, sleep duration, and feeding tolerance in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Methods
A total of 48 preterm infants, 24 per group, with gestational ages of 31 to 36 weeks, were enrolled. During the study, all infants were fed every 2 hours and did not receive sedation. Those requiring respiratory support or presenting with congenital abnormalities were excluded. At the unit level, participants were assigned to the “upright nesting” or the “swaddling” group. Physiological parameters, such as body temperature, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and respiratory rate, as well as sleep duration and feeding tolerance, were measured over 3 consecutive days. To examine group effects, time effects, and group-by-time interactions, linear mixed models were applied.
Results
Baseline characteristics, including sex, birth weight, and gestational age, were comparable between groups. Infants receiving upright nesting showed higher mean body temperature and oxygen saturation, lower heart rate, longer sleep duration, and improved feeding tolerance. Linear mixed models presented significant main effects of time for temperature, oxygen saturation, and heart rate, while significant group effects were presented for sleep duration and feeding tolerance. Group by time interactions were not statistically significant, suggesting favorable trends without differential change over time.
Conclusion
Upright nesting supports physiological stability, promotes longer sleep duration, and enhances feeding tolerance in preterm infants. Furthermore, it is a promising supportive strategy in neonatal intensive care, but larger studies are needed to confirm the results.

Purpose
This study examined the combined effects of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, screen-based sedentary behaviors, and sleep duration on adolescent obesity.
Methods
It followed a cross-sectional study design and conducted secondary analysis on data from 20,497 high school students who participated in the 17th (2021) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. This study underwent logistic regression analysis in complex sampling analysis.
Results
The combinations of low and medium consumption of SSBs, excessive screen-based sedentary behaviors, and short sleep durations were associated with a 1.18 and 1.12 fold increased likelihood of obesity (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03–1.35) and (95% CI=1.02–1.22), respectively. The combination of high SSB consumption, appropriate screen-based sedentary behaviors, and short sleep duration (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.15, 95% CI=1.01–1.31) and high SSB consumption, excessive screen-based sedentary behaviors, and short sleep duration (aOR=1.40, 95% CI=1.16–1.69) were associated with obesity.
Conclusion
Integrated and tailored programs considering combination patterns of SSB consumption, screen-based sedentary behaviors, and short sleep duration need to be developed for preventing adolescent obesity.

Citations

• Association Between Family Structure and Obesity Among Korean Adolescents
  Yoonsoo Sung, Jung Ah Lee
  Journal of Epidemiology.2026; 36(9): 281.     CrossRef
• Ultra-processed food consumption and the risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Mekuriaw Nibret Aweke, Habtamu Wagnew Abuhay, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Anas Ali Alhur, Nebebe Demis Baykemagn, Gebrie Getu Alemu, Makda Fekadie Tewelgne, Tirualem Zeleke Yehuala, Giulia Squillacioti
  PLOS One.2026; 21(4): e0344873.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated correlations between the actual sleep time 24 hours prior to an examination and the time to achieve chloral hydrate sedation in pediatric patients.
Methods
With parental consent, 84 children who were placed under moderate or deep sedation with chloral hydrate for examinations from November 19, 2020 to July 9, 2022 were recruited.
Results
Patients' average age was 19.9 months. Pediatric neurology patients and those who underwent electroencephalography took significantly longer to achieve sedation with chloral hydrate. There was a negative correlation between the time to achieve sedation and actual sleep time within 24 hours prior to the examination. Positive correlations were found between the actual sleep time 24 hours prior to the examination and the second dose per weight, as well as between the sedation recovery time and awake hours before the examination.
Conclusion
Sleep restriction is not an effective adjuvant therapy for chloral hydrate sedation in children, and sedation effects vary according to pediatric patients' characteristics. Therefore, it would be possible to reduce the unnecessary efforts of caregivers who restrict children's sleep for examinations. It is more important to educate parents about safe sedation than about sleep restriction.

Citations

• Analysis of procedural sedation nursing practice in the pediatric wards of a tertiary hospital in South Korea: a retrospective descriptive study
  Ji-Eun Jung, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2026; 32(1): 6.     CrossRef
• Dexmedetomidine and Chloral Hydrate Sedation on ABR Indices in Children
  Lan Wang, Qiong Li, Bin Zhang, Shaohan Wang, Shanshan Tian, Yu Han, Wenbin Wang, Zhaomin Fan, Haibo Wang, Yu Ai
  Audiology Research.2026; 16(4): 118.     CrossRef
• Risk factors for chloral hydrate sedation failure in pediatric patients: a retrospective analysis
  Young-Eun Jang, Jung-Bin Park, Pyoyoon Kang, Sang-Hwan Ji, Eun-Hee Kim, Ji-Hyun Lee, Hee-Soo Kim, Jin-Tae Kim
  Korean Journal of Anesthesiology.2024; 77(5): 526.     CrossRef

Purpose
Safe sleep practices (SSP) are among the main strategies to reduce sleep-related sudden unexplained infant death (SUID). Daycare personnel must be knowledgeable and trained in SSP related to SUID. This study explored the experience, knowledge, and confidence regarding SSP associated with SUID of daycare personnel.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 395 staff members at 61 daycare centers to measure their experience related to SSP (10 items), related to sleep position and location, bedding materials, and other topics; knowledge of SSP (18 items); and confidence in SSP (1 item) related to SUID.
Results
A substantial proportion (23.6%) of respondents used the lateral or prone positions for infant sleep. On average, 4.5 bedding materials were used for infant sleep. Participants showed a lack of knowledge about SSP as indicated by a 56.6% knowledge of SSP related to SUID correct answer rate. Personnel who received SUID education were more knowledgeable and had more confidence regarding SSP than those who did not. More knowledge and confidence related to SSP were associated with better adherence to SSP.
Conclusion
Standard SSP guidelines should be developed based on South Korea's culture of childcare for educating both childcare professionals and parents at home.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current level of sleep quality among Korean middle-school students using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and to analyze the factors influencing sleep quality.
Methods
The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and a self-report questionnaire. The participants were 744 middle-school students. The questionnaire included the PSQI and health-related questions, such as the types of diseases they had been diagnosed with and the frequency of hospital admissions. The data were analyzed using the independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and linear multiple regression.
Results
The global PSQI score was 4.21, which indicated good sleep quality. The major factors that were associated with the sleep quality of middle-school students were the number of diseases they had been diagnosed with (β=.54, p=.001) and atopic dermatitis (β=.32, p=.001). In addition, asthma and the frequency of hospital admissions were significant factors influencing each component of the PSQI.
Conclusion
The findings from this study suggest that sleep quality was associated with several health-related factors. Thus, nurses, school nurses, and nursing researchers may need to assess the health-related factors associated with adolescents’ sleep quality as part of efforts to improve their sleep quality.

Citations

• The secrets of medical students’ psychological resilience: a dual perspective of machine learning and path analysis
  Wenyu Su, Huiyu Jia, Wenjing Chang, Shan Jiang, Shihong Dong, Huaiju Ge, Yuantao Qi, Xinquan Li, Guifeng Ma
  International Journal of Medical Informatics.2026; 205: 106111.     CrossRef
• Sweetened Beverage Consumption is Associated With Sleep Duration and Timing in Young Adolescents
  Catheryn A. Orihuela, Destiny Kelly, Hannah Rogers, Retta Evans, Sylvie Mrug
  Health Promotion Practice.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sleep Quality, Academic Performance, and Associated Predictors Among Undergraduate Health Sciences Students at the University of Rwanda
  Francois Nzamwita, Chadia Igihozo, Pierre Damien Turikumana, Joseph Nshimiyimana, Peter Nyangezi, Emmanuel Biracyaza, Lizahn Cloete
  Advances in Medical Education and Practice.2026; Volume 17: 1.     CrossRef
• Phospholipid-Based Delivery System Optimizes the Solubility and Systemic Exposure of Palmitoylethanolamide and Supports Clinical Benefits in Chronic Neuropathic Low Back Pain
  Amjad Khan, Fazle Rabbani, Ayesha Kanwal, Areaba Shafiq, Ikram Ujjan, Anna Vellaccio, Massimo Ronchi, Giovanna Petrangolini, Eric De Combarieu, Silvia Turroni, Gabriele Conti
  Biomedicines.2026; 14(2): 380.     CrossRef
• Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha root extract sustained-release (AshwaSR) capsules in healthy adult, stressed subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 3-arm clinical trial
  Shefali Thanawala, Rajat Shah, Krishnaraju Venkata Alluri, Kiran Bhupathiraju, Prabakaran Desomayanandanam, Arun Bhuvenendran
  Medicine.2026; 105(11): e47990.     CrossRef
• The right tool for the job: a comparative psychometric analysis of commonly used perceived fatigue and fatigability measures in multiple sclerosis
  T. Islam, A. Madore, J. A. Berard, L. A. S. Walker
  Neurological Sciences.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Predictors of Poor Sleep Quality Among Adolescents in Central Sudan: The Role of Depression, Anxiety, and Gender
  Saeed Omar, Abdullah Al-Nafeesah, Afnan Alwabili, Ashwaq AlEed, Ishag Adam
  International Journal of General Medicine.2026; Volume 19: 1.     CrossRef
• Mindfulness Augments the Effects of Exercise on Health Behavior and Body Composition in Young Adults with Overweight or Obesity
  Thanaporn Semphuet, Thichakorn Thaweechat, Papatsorn Thosakul, Muhammadfari Awae, Yada Kaewsikhao, Alexis R. Mauger, Nitita Piya-amornphan
  Mindfulness.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Perceived Cognitive Fatigability in Multiple Sclerosis: Input from People with Lived Experience on Unmet Needs
  Tamanna Islam, Jason A. Berard, Lisa A.S. Walker
  Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journa.2026; : 1.     CrossRef
• Ultrasound-Guided Greater Occipital Nerve Block Across Headache Phenotypes: Outcomes and Determinants of Response in a Prospective Cohort
  Mariateresa Giglio, Alberto Corriero, Carlo Tramacere, Angela Preziosa, Fara Fornarelli, Filomena Galdini, Alfonso Pilolla, Salvatore Grasso, Giustino Varrassi, Antonella Paladini, Filomena Puntillo
  Pain and Therapy.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between psychological empowerment, physical activity enjoyment, and response to a HIIT Program in physically inactive young women: a prospective multicentre study
  Irene Ferrando-Terradez, Rodrigo Núñez-Cortés, Laura López-Bueno, Enrique Alcántara, Joaquín Calatayud, José Casaña, Ivana Parčina, Lirios Dueñas
  BMC Women's Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Does notifying clinicians about poor sleep quality influence patient-perceived empathy? Results from a randomized controlled trial
  Sina Ramtin, Jada Thompson, David Ring, Mark Queralt
  Sleep Medicine.2025; 131: 106502.     CrossRef
• Association between sleep duration and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal study
  Esraa A. Makhdom, Alisha Maher, Ryan Ottridge, Mathew Nicholls, Asad Ali, Brendan G. Cooper, Ramzi A. Ajjan, Srikanth Bellary, Wasim Hanif, Fahmy Hanna, David Hughes, Vijay Jayagopal, Rajni Mahto, Mayank Patel, James Young, Ananth U. Nayak, Mimi Z. Chen,
  Diabetic Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Sleep quality of college students in Fujian and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study
  Fuzhi Liu, Dandan Zhu, Lifeng Deng, Yanyan Zhao, Yangjia Chen, Zhuote Tu, Ahmad Neyazi
  PLOS ONE.2025; 20(4): e0319347.     CrossRef
• Sleep hygiene and sleep quality among yoga and naturopathy medical students in India: a multisite cross-sectional study
  Karishma Silwal, Prakash Babu Kodali, Hemanshu Sharma, Nair Dhiren Ajit, Abhay M. Shankaregowda, Renjish Mohanan, M. Jerin Subha, K. Vibhas, S. Sivaraman, Kinjal Bhalavat, V. R. Dhilip, Jyoti Nair, Vanitha Shetty, A. N. Vineetha, Dhanya U. M. Kumar, Rakes
  Frontiers in Sleep.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Association between sleep disorders and myopia in Shanghai adolescents: a cross-sectional survey conducted among junior school students
  Xiaoya Yin, Xuelai Wang, Zhe Zhang, Yani Zhai, Xinyi Zhou, Linlin Yuan, Shuman Li, Zhengzhong Wang, Lijing Sun, Chunyan Luo
  BMC Ophthalmology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Analysis of sleep disorders and their influencing factors in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
  Xihong Ying, Qiuyan Zhao, Yi Wu, Shasha Deng, Qing Ma, Ronghua Fang, Wesam Gouda
  PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0323324.     CrossRef
• The state of mental health of migrant workers and citizens of the Russian Federation: A comparative analysis as illustrated by the Moscow region
  A.S. Moskvicheva, D.R. Davidov, I.B. Shikina
  S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry.2025; 125(4): 95.     CrossRef
• Case Study of the Relationship between Sleep Quality and Academic Performance
  Leying Wang, Xinxian Lu
  Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science.2025; 15(01): 1.     CrossRef
• Relationship of sleep quality, chronotype, and obstructive sleep apnea with migraine in the elderly population
  Asieh Kouhi Fayegh, Hazwan Mat Din, Wan Aliaa Wan Sulaiman, Maryam Ravanipour, Hamidon Basri, Mohd Hazmi Bin Mohamed, Vasudevan Ramachandran, Liyana Najwa Inche Mat
  neuropsychiatrie.2024; 38(4): 174.     CrossRef
• Short sleep time may be the main reason for irregular breakfast to cause overweight—a cross-sectional study
  Wei Yang, Zhao Zhuang, Pengxiang Huang, Man Zhang, Kebo Wang, Ying Jiang, Han Zhou, Lianlong Yu
  Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effect of exercise on sleep quality in Parkinson’s disease: a mini review
  M. Abdullah Shafiq, Jyotpal Singh, Zain A. Khan, J. Patrick Neary, Holly A. Bardutz
  BMC Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Physical activity, eating behaviour, and sleep quality as predictors of Body Mass Index in adolescents? A correlational study on high school students in East Kalimantan
  Nanda Alfian Mahardhika, Erwin Setyo Kriswanto, Nur Rohmah Muktiani, Jeane Betty Kurnia Jusuf, Januar Abdilah Santoso, Nur Subekti, Amri Hartanto
  Fizjoterapia Polska.2024; 24(1): 216.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of thyroid nodule and relationship with physiological and psychosocial factors among adults in Zhejiang Province, China: a baseline survey of a cohort study
  Xueqing Li, Zhijian Chen, Lizhi Wu, Pengchen Tu, Zhe Mo, Mingluan Xing
  BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The measured healthy lifestyle habits among Saudi university females in Medina, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study
  Amal M. Qasem Surrati, Eilaf Hasan Altayeb, Wedyan Ali Almohammadi, Rahaf Mustafa Aljohani, Haya Shaher Ali Altouri, Rahaf Abdullah Alhawsawi
  Medicine.2024; 103(27): e38712.     CrossRef
• Medical Students’ Stress Levels Are Correlated with Their Sleep Quality and Life Satisfaction
  Ervin Ozdemir, Yigit Yazarkan, Bilge Pehlivanoglu
  International Journal of Medical Students.2024; 12(1): 53.     CrossRef
• Clinical efficacy of Acupoint moxibustion combined with nutritional intervention in patients with renal failure
  Xing Zhang
  International Journal of Clinical and Experimental.2024; 17(9): 141.     CrossRef
• Adherence Patterns and Health Outcomes in Spanish Young Women Participating in a Virtual-Guided HIIT Program: Insights from the Randomized Controlled WISE Trial
  Irene Ferrando-Terradez, Constanza San Martín Valenzuela, Lirios Dueñas, Enrique Alcántara, Alejandro Sendín-Magdalena, Yasmin Ezzatvar
  Healthcare.2024; 12(19): 1961.     CrossRef
• Comparison Between High School Youth and College Freshmen Toward Their Psychological Disorders Under the Influence of Sleep Hygiene During COVID-19 Pandemic
  Ziyu Zhang, Xuanyu Ren, Yue Gao, Lirong Nie, Qiqi Chen, Xinyue Zhi
  Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Epidemiology of Sleep Disturbances Among Primary School Students in Kerman, Iran, in 2019
  Maryam Amizadeh, Ayeh Shamsadini, Soheil Motamed, Nahid Zeinadini Meimand
  Social Work in Public Health.2021; 36(2): 311.     CrossRef
• The Effect of the Benson Relaxation Technique on the Quality of Sleep and Working Life of Surgical Technologists in Shiraz
  Zinat Mohebbi, Maryam Shaygan, Maryam Ghanavati
  Shiraz E-Medical Journal.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was done to investigate quality of sleep and heart rate variability by the physical activity in high school students.
Methods
A survey that measures physical activity and quality of sleep was distributed to 118 students at Y High School. Heart rate variability was obtained using the LXC3203 heart rate monitor. The data of 105 students were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, x2-test, and ANOVA with Scheffé test.
Results
Boys and students with part-time jobs had significantly higher physical activity. The quality of sleep was significantly high when the students were non-smokers, felt healthy, happy, less stressed, and satisfied with their school lives. Mean heart rate was significantly higher among girls, and standard deviation from normal to normal R-R intervals were high in boys. Physical activity had no significant relationships with quality of sleep and heart rate variability.
Conclusions
Physical activity should be encouraged for high school students, especially for girls. An experimental study with different intensity and time of physical activity is recommended to examine the relationships with quality of sleep and heart rate variability in the future.

Citations

• Physical activity, eating behaviour, and sleep quality as predictors of Body Mass Index in adolescents? A correlational study on high school students in East Kalimantan
  Nanda Alfian Mahardhika, Erwin Setyo Kriswanto, Nur Rohmah Muktiani, Jeane Betty Kurnia Jusuf, Januar Abdilah Santoso, Nur Subekti, Amri Hartanto
  Fizjoterapia Polska.2024; 24(1): 216.     CrossRef
• Trends in Sleep Research: From Infancy Through Adolescence
  Jeeun Noh, Hyeon Chung Hong, Nana Shin
  Human Ecology Research.2024; 62(3): 585.     CrossRef
• A Case of Korean Medicine Treatment for a Patient with Xerostomia
  Ji-eun Jeong, Song Choi, Do-yeon Park, Su-jeong Park, Young-ho Moon
  The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2024; 45(4): 810.     CrossRef
• Correlations between Sleep Quality and Heart Rate Variability, Tongue Diagnosis, and Korean Medical Questionnaires
  Hyeyoon Shim, Jeong Hwan Park, Sanghun Lee, Hojun Kim
  Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation.2022; 32(1): 73.     CrossRef
• The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Associated Factors in Middle-school Students: A Cross-sectional Study
  Bu Kyung Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(1): 55.     CrossRef
• Mediating effects of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between academic stress and sleep quality among academic high school students
  Eun Sook Bae, Hye Seung Kang, Ha Na Lee
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing .2020; 26(3): 281.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to evaluate effects of a mother-fetus interaction promotion program on maternal and infant sleep/activity regulation, and examine the correlation between maternal and infant sleep/activity.
METHODS
Thirty-four mother-infant dyads were recruited from an OB-GY clinic with postpartum care center, and assigned to the intervention group (17) or control group (17). Data were collected from January 18 to August 5 2005. A programmed education focused on mother-fetus interaction was provided to the intervention group in the 3rd trimester. Maternal sleep/activity record was completed at 32-36 weeks gestation and infant sleep/activity record was completed for one month after birth.
RESULTS
During the 3rd trimester, there were no significant differences in maternal sleep/activity between the groups, except for frequency of mothers' night awakening and urination at night. There were no significant differences in infant sleep, but significant difference was found in feeding times between the groups. Correlation of maternal sleep in the 3rd trimester and infant waking times was significant.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that maternal sleep/activity during pregnancy influences infant sleep/activity at 3-4 weeks, and that nursing interventions to regulate maternal sleep/activity provided to primiparas can be beneficial to the regularity of infant sleep/activity patterns.

Citations

• Development of an Infants' Sleep Health Program Using a Video for SIDS Prevention Education and Measurement of the Program's Effects.
  Sook Jang, Il Ok Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 11.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to develop an infant sleep health education program using a video for SIDS prevention education and to measure the effects of the program.
METHODS
The infant sleep health education program consisted of presentations and motor images. The formation of educational material was directed by the systematic design of instruction. Participants in this study were 59 primiparous women from postpartum care centers. The instruments used in this study were criterion referenced test items for knowledge about infant sleep health and confidence inventory. Experimental group I was given the treatment of infant sleep health education program. Experimental group II was given the program using a video reinforcement after 2 weeks. On the other hand, control group was given no treatment.
RESULTS
There was a significant increase in knowledge and confidence in the performance of mother's roles of both experimental group I and experimental group II over the control group. No significant difference was founds for knowledge and confidence in the performance of mother's roles between experimental group I and II.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that this program is a very effective intervention for better sleep health in infants by helping the mothers increase confidence in their role performance.

Citations

• Development of an educational intervention program for infant safe sleep practices in Korea: a methodological study
  Jung Ae Cho, Young Mee Ahn, Min Sohn, Ok Kyung Ham, Min Kyung Lim, Hyun Young Koo
  Child Health Nursing Research.2026; 32(1): 16.     CrossRef
• Parents' Experience with Infant Safety Accidents and Needs of Safety Education: Content Analysis
  Soo-Yeon Han, Sun-Mi Chae
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2022; 26(2): 61.     CrossRef
• Analysis of research on interventions for the prevention of safety accidents involving infants: a scoping review
  Mi Yeon Kim, Han Na Lee, Yun Kyeong Lee, Ji Soo Kim, Haeryun Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(4): 234.     CrossRef
• Effects of a maternal role adjustment program for first time mothers who use postpartum care centers (Sanhujoriwon) in South Korea: a quasi-experimental study
  Ju-Eun Song, Hyun-Ju Chae, Jung Mi Ko, Jeong In Yang, Tiffany Kim
  BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to compare the sleep characteristics between the prone and the supine position in healthy newborns. The 48 newborns were observed in the prone position and the supine position respectively on the 2nd day after birth. The data were collected from January to May, 1999. The state of a newborn was classified and categorized to 6 states (deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) by Barnard. The movements of eyes, face and extremities, pulse and arterial oxygen were observed and recorded continuously from the start of sleep after feeding until the time of being woken for the next feeding by a trained nurse. The data was analyzed by using paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference in the length of sleeping time between the prone and the supine position. 2. There was no significant difference in the length and frequencies of each states(deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) between the prone and the supine position. But the frequency of light sleep in the supine position was significantly higher than that of the prone position. 3. There was no significant difference in the numbers of eyes movements between the prone and the supine sleep position. But the amount of facial and extremity movement in the supine position was significantly higher than those in the prone position 4. There was no significant difference in the arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. 5. There was no significant difference in the heart rates between the prone and the supine sleep position. The above results indicated that the newborns in the prone position moved less and slept deeper than those in the supine position, though there was no difference in the length of sleep or arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. But, Nurses and mothers should consider the relationship between the sleep position and SIDS suggested by previous researches. The infant's 'awakening' during sleep is a normal process and rather valuable because it can provide an opportunity to promote a stronger relationship between mother and baby. So, It is suggested that the supine sleep position is better than the prone sleep position for infants.

The purpose of this study was to identify the children's sleeping patterns, such as the sleeping hours and the nature of sleep disruptions following hospitalization and its accompanying factor. The data were collected from December, 1997 to March, 1998 using a questionnaire developed by researchers. The subjects were 76 children in a hospital. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The average sleeping hours(sleep duration) at night were 10 hours and 10 minutes and 9 hours and 9 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). 2. The mean bed time(sleep onset) was 10:22 pm and 10:28 pm before and after hospitalization respectively. There was no significant difference. 3. The mean hour of rising(sleep termination) was 7:54 am 7:08 am before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). 4. The mean number of sleep disruption was 0.72 and 1.94 before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). The sleep disruptions were influenced by crying of other children(53.9%), lights(28.9%) nursing procedures(18.4%), noise of TV(17.1%) and noise of visitors(15.8%).

PURPOSE
This study was to done to develop a nursing intervention, Meridian massage and to investigate its effects on the infants' growth and sleep of infants and on role confidence and sensitivity in their mothers.
METHOD
This study used a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized quasi experimental. Infants and mothers from Y health center were assigned to an experimental group (17) and control group (14). Meridian massage was given to infants by their mothers. Data were collected from August 11, 2005 to February 24, 2006. Infants in the experimental group had Meridian massage for 15 min per time, three times a week for 3 weeks.
RESULT
Regarding growth, infants in the experimental group showed a statistical significant increase in weight and height compared to those in the control group. Sleeping well was also significant for infants in the experimental group compare to those in the control group. There was no signifiant difference in confidence in mothering role between the two groups. Sensitivity for the mothering role was significantly higher for mothers of infants in the experimental group compare to those in the control group.
CONCLUSION
Meridian massage is an effective nursing intervention in improving infant growth and maternal-infant interaction.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sleep/activity patterns of premature babies.
METHOD
The subjects were 55 premature babies who were hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of one University Hospital in Daejeon from September 1, 2004 to March 31, 2006. The sleep/activity patterns of the premature babies were observed for 24 hours a day for 7 days. The observations were made and recorded by the researcher and 5 trained research assistants using NCASA records developed by Barnard et al. (1979). For statistical analysis, frequency, average, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used.
RESULTS
The infants slept more and had less awake periods during daytime than full-term infants. As the hospital stay of the premature babies increased, the amount of daytime sleep and total daily sleep decreased, and the amount of daytime awake periods increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that the level of physical and physiological maturity of premature babies is one of the major variables that affect their sleep/activity patterns. Furthermore, the findings of this study will provide information about the sleep/activity patterns of premature babies, and present baseline data to develop the nursing intervention programs which support optimum development for the premature babies.