Purpose Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience face disproportionate health risks, yet research has predominantly examined single health problems rather than their multidimensional patterns. This study employed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct health typological classes among Korean adolescents and characterize the distribution of sexual behavior patterns across these classes.
Methods We analyzed 278,066 middle- and high-school students in the 2013–2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The LCA used 17 indicators encompassing sexual behavior patterns, health behaviors, health perceptions, and mental health. Complex-sample weighted analyses examined associations between latent classes and sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and diseases.
Results Four distinct classes were identified: mental health high-risk group (10.1%), substance use high-risk group (6.5%), average group (36.3%), and healthy group (47.1%). Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience were disproportionately concentrated in the two high-risk classes, comprising 3.3% of the mental health high-risk group and 4.1% of the substance use high-risk group, compared with only 0.3% and 0.5% of the average group and the healthy group. The mental health high-risk group exhibited extremely elevated prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (96.2%), depressive symptoms (88.5%), and suicide attempts (27.5%), while the substance use high-risk group showed high rates of smoking (82.4%) and alcohol use (84.6%) but better mental health.
Conclusion Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience demonstrate health inequality through disproportionate classification in the mental health high-risk group and the substance use high-risk group. The findings underscore the need for integrated interventions combining mental health support and substance use prevention.
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the association among various adolescent problem behaviors in South Korea, focusing on gender differences.
Methods This secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted in 2023 which included 52,880 middle and high school students in South Korea. They completed an anonymous self-administered survey regarding problem behaviors (drinking alcohol, smoking, drugs use, and sexual experiences). Data were analyzed using complex-samples chi-square and multiple logistic regression models.
Results Among the 52,880 adolescents, the prevalence rates of alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences were 32.6%, 8.6%, 1.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Gender differences were observed in alcohol use complex-samples multiple logistic regression models. However, no significant gender difference was found in drug use (p=.250). Four problem behaviors were significantly associated with one other when analyzed as independent variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.33–10.85). The strongest associations were found between alcohol use and smoking (OR, 10.49–10.85), and between smoking and sexual experiences (OR, 4.91–4.96).
Conclusion This study found significant gender differences in adolescent problem behaviors, with male adolescents exhibiting higher rates of alcohol use, smoking, and sexual experience. Strong associations were observed between alcohol use and smoking, as well as between smoking and sexual experience. These findings suggest the need for integrated intervention strategies that target multiple co-occurring problem behaviors.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
2024 Grade‐Specific Prevalence and Adjacent‐Grade Differences in Illicit Drug Use Among Japanese Junior and Senior High School Students Satomi Mizuno, Satoshi Inoura, Maki Kitamura, Toshihiko Matsumoto, Kunihiko Kitagaki, Akihiro Koide, Kenji Takehara, Takuya Shimane Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Purpose The majority of adolescents use smartphones, and their overdependence on smartphones has emerged as a serious social issue. Although studies have explored the effect of smartphone overdependence on adolescent problem behaviors, research on its influence on sexual behavior is scarce. This study aimed to examine the association between smartphone overdependence and sexual behavior among adolescents.
Methods This study used data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey conducted in 2023. Smartphone overdependence was the independent variable, and sexual behaviors (sexual intercourse and contraceptive use) were the dependent variables. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to control for confounding variables.
Results The study participants included 52,880 adolescents aged 13–18 years. Among them, 28.0% (n=14,672) were classified as smartphone overdependent, 6.5% (n=3,349) had sexual experience, and 65% (n=2,182) of those with sexual experience reported using contraception. Smartphone overdependence was not significantly associated with sexual experience but was significantly associated with contraceptive use. Adolescents in the non-overdependent group were 1.27 times more likely to use contraception than those in the smartphone overdependent group (95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.52; p<.007).
Conclusion The findings highlight a significant association between smartphone overdependence and contraceptive use among adolescents. Policy interventions and educational strategies that consider adolescents’ smartphone usage patterns and trait factors are necessary.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Adolescent Smartphone Overdependence in South Korea: A Place-Stratified Evaluation of Conceptually Informed AI/ML Modeling Andrew H. Kim, Uibin Lee, Yohan Cho, Sangmi Kim, Vatsal Shah International Journal of Environmental Research an.2025; 22(10): 1515. CrossRef
Purpose The purpose of this study was to review sexual abuse prevention education program for Korean elementary school students.
Methods Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review methods were used and Gough's weight of evidence was employed as a quality appraisal tool. Articles published in Korean or English were identified through electronic search engines and scholarly web sites using three keywords: "elementary school student", "sexual abuse", and "prevention education". Peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2018 were included in this review.
Results Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were appraised as being high-quality. Among the 12 selected studies, seven were descriptive, while five were intervention studies. Sexual abuse prevention education programs were effective in improving perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors among elementary school students. However, deficiencies were found in the variety of educational methods, utilization of experts, and standardization of the content of sexual abuse prevention education.
Conclusion We need to provide various educational methods that are appropriate for specific developmental stages, and the sexual abuse prevention content should draw upon the current sexual education program administered to this population. Furthermore, parents and trained teachers or school health teachers should be included to provide effective education programs for elementary students.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Effect of a digital sexual violence prevention education program on digital sexual violence prevention knowledge, self-protection behavior, and digital citizenship among fifth-grade children: a quasi-experimental study Miae Oh, Sukhee Ahn Women's Health Nursing.2025; 31(4): 379. CrossRef
A study on the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the parenting outcome expectancy scale for parents of elementary school students Yoonjung Kim, Jungmin Lee, Ratchneewan Ross Frontiers in Psychology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Recall of sexual abuse prevention education at school and home: Associations with sexual abuse experience, disclosure, protective parenting, and knowledge Julia I. Rudolph, Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, Kerryann Walsh Child Abuse & Neglect.2022; 129: 105680. CrossRef
Moving school-based CSA prevention education online: Advantages and challenges of the “new normal” Melissa A. Bright, Diana Ortega, David Finkelhor, Kerryann Walsh Child Abuse & Neglect.2022; 132: 105807. CrossRef
An integrative literature review on intimate partner violence against women in South Korea Hye Young Min, Jung Min Lee, Yoonjung Kim Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2020; 26(4): 260. CrossRef
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a sexual abuse prevention education program for elementary school students.
Methods Orem’s Self-Care Theory (1995) and Seels & Richey’s ADDIE model (1994) for developing learning materials were applied to develop this program.
Results The development progress of the program consisted of 5 distinct phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The contents was classified into 6 categories: the definition of sexual abuse, how to deal with sexual abuse, the situational reaction, areas with a high risk for sexual abuse, related organizations, and a wrap-up quiz. The app was easily accessible for elementary school students.
Conclusion A sexual abuse prevention program using a hybrid app may be an effective way to reach elementary students, and further research for children of various ages is required.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Effectiveness of the child sexual abuse prevention program Yeon Kyu Lee, Gaeun Kim Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2025; 42(2): 25. CrossRef
A study on the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the parenting outcome expectancy scale for parents of elementary school students Yoonjung Kim, Jungmin Lee, Ratchneewan Ross Frontiers in Psychology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of a mobile application focusing on developmental support care for Korean infants born prematurely: a methodological study Ji Hyeon Park, Haeryun Cho Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(2): 112. CrossRef
Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Program Using Hybrid Application (CSAPE-H) on Fifth-Grade Students in South Korea So Ra Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang The Journal of School Nursing.2022; 38(4): 368. CrossRef
Moving school-based CSA prevention education online: Advantages and challenges of the “new normal” Melissa A. Bright, Diana Ortega, David Finkelhor, Kerryann Walsh Child Abuse & Neglect.2022; 132: 105807. CrossRef
Analysis for internet health counseling about precocious puberty using text mining and topic modeling Susan Park, Young-Kyoon Suh, Jaesung Kim, Jin-Won Kwon Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2020; 37(3): 71. CrossRef
An Integrative Literature Review on Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Programs for Elementary School Students in South Korea Hyewon Shin, Jung Min Lee, Kyung-Ah Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 435. CrossRef
Purpose This study was conducted to identify the sexual maturation, parenting attitude, maturity fear and emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school, and to examine the relation between these variables and factors that influence emotional and behavioral problems.
Methods Participants were 128 second, third and fourth year students from 3 elementary schools. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 21.0.
Results Emotional and behavioral problems were related to eating rate, eating breakfast, frequency of late-night snacks and main communicator on pubertal development. Emotional and behavioral problems showed a positive correlation with maturity fear and father’s parenting attitude (strictness) and a negative correlation with parenting attitude and father’s parenting attitude (intimacy). Maturity fear, father’s parenting attitude, eating breakfast, and main communicator on pubertal development had significant influence on emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school.
Conclusion Findings show that for effective management of emotional and behavioral problems in elementary school girls, programs including coping with maturity fear, supportive parenting of father, diet education, and functional communication with mother on pubertal development should be developed.
Purpose This study was done to identify contraceptive practices in adolescent girls in South Korea and predictors of contraceptive practices.
Methods The study sample included 743 girls who had experienced sexual activity. Using statistics from the 12th (2016) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted.
Results The contraceptive practice rate for adolescent girls was 34%. Contraceptive practice was associated with ‘age at first intercourse’ and ‘sexual intercourse after drinking’. For adolescent girls who had early sexual initiation and drank alcohol before sexual intercourse there was a tendency to reduce the practice of contraception.
Conclusion It is necessary to provide practical sex education to improve the practice of contraception in these adolescents. In addition, adolescent girls should be encourage to delay their first intercourse. The results of this study can also be used to develop education interventions regarding healthy sexuality behaviour including the practice of contraception.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Development and Effect of an IMB Skills Model–based Online Reproductive Health Promotion Program for Late Adolescent Women Minji Je, Jaeyoung Lee, SoYeon Park Asian Nursing Research.2026; 20(1): 107. CrossRef
Impact of human papillomavirus vaccination knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy on vaccination intention in adolescent sons in Korea: a descriptive survey study Jiyeon Bark, Haejin Kim, So Im Ryu Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2025; 27(1): 49. CrossRef
Psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the sexual communication self-efficacy scale among South Korean college students Sujung Lee, Jungmin Lee Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Trends in Contraceptive Use and Influencing Factors Among Korean Adolescent Girls With Sexual Intercourse Experience (2013 to 2022) Beomman Ha, Jisoon Kim, Seonho Kim Journal of Korean Maternal and Child Health.2024; 28(3): 134. CrossRef
Contraceptive Use Among Korean High School Adolescents: A Decision Tree Model Sung Hae Kim, Yoona Choi The Journal of School Nursing.2023; 39(4): 285. CrossRef
Psychometric Evaluation of the Korean Version of the Perceived Costs and Benefits Scale for Sexual Intercourse Hee-Jung Jang, Jungmin Lee, Soo-Hyun Nam Healthcare.2023; 11(15): 2166. CrossRef
Effects of sex education on contraceptive use among sexually experienced teens in South Korea Ye Eun Cha, Jin Young Nam Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2023; 40(3): 49. CrossRef
The Association Between Adequate Prenatal Care and Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Teenage Pregnancies: A Population-Based Cohort Study Jin Young Nam, Sarah Soyeon Oh, Eun-Cheol Park Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Determinants of Contraceptive Use at The First Sexual Intercourse among Unmarried Adolescents in Indonesia: 2017 IDHS Analysis Restya Sri Sugiarti, Helda Helda, Kholisotul Hikmah JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN.2022; 20(1): 60. CrossRef
Psychometric Evaluation of a Korean Version of the Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scale Among Female College Students: A Secondary Analysis Jungmin Lee, Jhordon James C Montegrico Psychology Research and Behavior Management.2022; Volume 15: 3205. CrossRef
The Impact of Sexual Initiation Timing and Sexual Experience on Depressive Symptoms in South Korean Adolescents: Gender Differences in a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study Jaeyoung Lee Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2020; 52: e15. CrossRef
University Freshman's Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes, and Satisfaction of Sex Education Hae Young Min, Jung Min Lee, Hye Young Min, Yeo Won Jeong Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Educ.2019; 25(2): 238. CrossRef
Trend Analysis of Research Articles Published in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing from 2013 to 2017 Young Jin Lee, Seo Yun Kim, Saem Yi Kang, Yoo Jeong Kang, Lan Jin, Hee Yoen Jung, Hae Won Kim Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2018; 24(1): 90. CrossRef
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of early menarche on sexual experience among high school girls in South Korea.
Methods The study sample was comprised of 16,286 high school girls. Using statistics from the 11th (2015) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted.
Results Among the girls, 5.8% reported early menarche. Early menarche was associated with sexual experience (Odds Ratio (OR), 5.27; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 4.11-6.77). Controlled for sociodemographic, emotional and health behavior characteristics, early menarche was associated with sexual experience (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 3.04-5.21).
Conclusion The results indicate that early menarche predicts an increase in sexual experience among female adolescents. Therefore, health education programs and health policy for interventions to improve sexual health are required for girls who are expected to experience early menarche.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
The Influence of Sexual Experience on Mental Health among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey Kyong Sil Park Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2025; 34(2): 129. CrossRef
Obesity-Related Factors in Adult Women with Early Menarche Hunha Cho, Jeong-Won Han Healthcare.2023; 11(4): 557. CrossRef
A study on the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the parenting outcome expectancy scale for parents of elementary school students Yoonjung Kim, Jungmin Lee, Ratchneewan Ross Frontiers in Psychology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact Factors on Mental Health of Male and Female Korean Adolescents - Focusing on Sexual Experience: Analyzing Data from the 11th Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey Mijung Yeom, Gyungjoo Lee, Ju-Young Lee Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2020; 29(3): 195. CrossRef
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self-esteem and sexual attitude in healthcare college students, and also to provide a basis for sexual health education programs to help establish healthy sexual attitudes.
Methods A survey was conducted with 218 unmarried students attending the healthcare colleges in B and U cities. Data were collected from October 15 to November 10, 2015 and analyzed using Stepwise multiple regression with SPSS PASW 18.0.
Results Mean score for self-esteem was 3.23±0.46 out of 5 and sexual attitude 2.64 ± 0.54 out of 5. Self-esteem and sexual attitude had a negative correlation (r = -.169, p = .012). Among sub-variables of sexual attitude, negative correlations were found between self-esteem and premarital chastity (r = -.207, p = .002), and between self-esteem and homosexual attitudes (r = -.167, p = .013). There were statistically significant differences in sexual attitude according to perceived intimacy with mother (β = -.228, p < .001), year in college (β = .135, p = .047), major (β = .148, p = .023), religion (β = -2.429, p = .016), and homosexual tendencies (β = .139, p = .037). These factors explained 14.6% of the variance in sexual attitude.
Conclusion Findings demonstrate the importance of self-esteem for sexual attitudes. This finding should be used in the development of healthcare college students, promotion programs to enhance healthy sexual attitudes.
Purpose This study was done to provide basic data for sexual abuse prevention programs for elementary school students by comparing stated needs of the students and teachers.
Methods The participants were 4th, 5th, and 6th grade elementary school students and elementary school teachers. Data from questionnaires completed by 1,372 students and 162 teachers were analyzed.
Results 1) The mean scores for felt need for sexual abuse prevention education was relatively high in both of the elementary school student and teacher groups but there was a significant difference between the two groups (t = 15.28, p < .001). 2) In the elementary school students, there was a significant difference in the degree of need for sexual abuse prevention education according to father’s educational level (t = 2.89, p = .004), experience of sexual education (t = 3.11, p = .006), and recognition of the necessity of sexual abuse education (t = 7.56, p < .001). 3) In the elementary school teachers, there was no significant difference in the degree of need for sexual abuse prevention education according to the participants’ socio-demographic and sexual abuse prevention education related characteristics.
Conclusion When planning educational programs on child sexual abuse prevention, needs of the elementary school students should be considered. Then, the educational program at school would be more effective.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Effectiveness of the child sexual abuse prevention program Yeon Kyu Lee, Gaeun Kim Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2025; 42(2): 25. CrossRef
Effect of a digital sexual violence prevention education program on digital sexual violence prevention knowledge, self-protection behavior, and digital citizenship among fifth-grade children: a quasi-experimental study Miae Oh, Sukhee Ahn Women's Health Nursing.2025; 31(4): 379. CrossRef
An Integrative Literature Review on Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Programs for Elementary School Students in South Korea Hyewon Shin, Jung Min Lee, Kyung-Ah Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 435. CrossRef
Development of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Program for Elementary School Students Using a Hybrid Application Shin-Jeong Kim, So-Ra Kang, Jung Min Lee Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 109. CrossRef
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence maturity fears in elementary school girls.
Methods The participants were 118 3rd and 4th grade students from 3 elementary schools in 3 cities in Korea. Data were collected using questionnaires which included measurement scales for the relative variables and demographic data. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchial regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0.
Results The significant predictors of maturity fears were weight, father-child communication, frequency of maturity communication with father, and close relation with mother.
Conclusion For effective management of maturity fears in elementary school girls, programs including weight control, functional communication with father and supportive nurturance of mother should be developed.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
A study on the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the parenting outcome expectancy scale for parents of elementary school students Yoonjung Kim, Jungmin Lee, Ratchneewan Ross Frontiers in Psychology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Perceptions and Treatment of Precocious Puberty: A Questionnaire Survey among Caregivers in South Korea Soo Bo Shim, Ji Hyun Song, Hye Lim Lee, Chou-Chin Lan Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medic.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Mothers' Experiences of Caring for Children with Precocious Puberty: A Q-Methodological Approach Hye Jin Lee, Mi-Ae You Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(2): 255. CrossRef
Experiences of Precocious Puberty in Primary School Girls with Hormone Therapeutics Soon Mi Cheon, Hye Young Jung Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Educ.2019; 25(4): 459. CrossRef
Sexual Maturation, Attitudes towards Sexual Maturity, and Body Esteem in Elementary-School Children Sunah Park, Eunyoung Choi, Eunhee Lee, Mikyeong Byeon, Byeongju Lee, Kyea Jung Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2018; 24(2): 219. CrossRef
Depression and Fear about Maturation in Girls with Precocious Puberty and Depression and Anxiety in Their Mothers 이민주, 박신애, 백성환 JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHIL.2018; 22(3): 162. CrossRef
Effect of Sexual Maturation, Parenting Attitude and Maturity Fear on Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Elementary School Girls Hun Ha Cho, So Hyun Moon Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 329. CrossRef
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify differences in sexual knowledge, attitudes and perspectives of sexual values for female students as these factors related to sexual characteristics. METHODS The participants were 835 girls in junior or high school from Seoul and Kyunggi province in Korea. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, F-test and Scheffe with the SPSS 14.0 WIN program. RESULTS The major results were as follows: First, for sexual knowledge, there were significant differences for girls from homes with conservative atmosphere and for those who had experiences related to porno. Second, related to sexual attitudes, students who had experience related to porno, were significantly more positive, and had a more open attitudes than students with no experience. Third, for perspectives of sexual value, students who perceived a conservative home atmosphere, who had boy friend, and who had experiences related to porno, had a more positive sexuality, and attitudes towards sexual equality. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that it is necessary to develop special sex education programs for both school and parents so that teachers and parents can guide these students appropriately.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Development of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Program for Elementary School Students Using a Hybrid Application Shin-Jeong Kim, So-Ra Kang, Jung Min Lee Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 109. CrossRef
Comparison of Needs About Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Between Elementary School Students and Teachers Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Haeryun Cho, Hae Young Min Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(3): 215. CrossRef
Influencing Factors on Knowledge of Contraception Gyeung ran Lee, Jung Ae Kim The journal of the convergence on culture technolo.2015; 1(4): 19. CrossRef
Relationships Among Sexual Attitudes, Sexual Knowledge and Social Support of Middle School Students Chong-Min Hong, Eun-Hee Hwang The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2013; 13(8): 240. CrossRef
A Study on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Need for Sex Education in High School Students Ya Ki Yang Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2012; 18(3): 159. CrossRef
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with sexual debut among Korean middle school students. METHODS From the database of the Eighth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS), the researchers selected 37,297 middle school students aged 12-15 years. Data were analyzed using chi2 test and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS The proportion of middle school students who had a sexual debut was 2.1% of boys and 1.5% of girls. In multiple regression analysis, economic status, experience of part time work, smoking, drug use and depression were associated with an increased proportion of sexual intercourse for both boys and girls. Living with parents, drinking alcohol and suicidal ideation were associated with sexual debut for boys only. By contrast, formal sexual education was associated with a reduced risk of sexual debut. CONCLUSION The results of this study show the factors associated with sexual debut among Korean middle school students. Gender-related interventions should be taken into consideration in school sexual education programmes, because of differences in related factors according to gender.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
The Influence of Sexual Experience on Mental Health among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey Kyong Sil Park Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2025; 34(2): 129. CrossRef
Factors Associated with Homosexual Adolescents in South Korea Jong Gun Kim Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2024; 35: 207. CrossRef
Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Risky Sexual Behaviors Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis Hyang-Soon Cho, Youngran Yang International Journal of Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Sexual Initiation Timing and Sexual Experience on Depressive Symptoms in South Korean Adolescents: Gender Differences in a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study Jaeyoung Lee Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2020; 52: e15. CrossRef
The Sexual Risk Behaviors of Middle School Students According to School Nurse Placement Levels in Korea Gyu Young Lee, Da Ye Lee Asian Nursing Research.2020; 14(4): 212. CrossRef
The Impact Factors on Mental Health of Male and Female Korean Adolescents - Focusing on Sexual Experience: Analyzing Data from the 11th Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey Mijung Yeom, Gyungjoo Lee, Ju-Young Lee Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Menta.2020; 29(3): 195. CrossRef
Association between sexual behavior and suicidal ideation among South Korean middle school students Seunghun Song, Gyuyoung Lee Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2019; 16(3): 300. CrossRef
Smoking Gun: Days of Wine and Roses Hae-Wol Cho Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2019; 10(5): 263. CrossRef
Interaction Between Smoking Cigarettes and Alcohol Consumption on Sexual Experience in High School Students Soo Jeong Kim, Kyoung Won Cho Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2019; 10(5): 274. CrossRef
Influence of Sexual Behavior and Emotional State on Suicidal Ideation among Female Adolescents with Sexual Intercourse Experience Suin Park, Jina Lee, Hyunlye Kim Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2018; 27(1): 15. CrossRef
Gender Differences in Sexual Behaviors in Korean Adolescents Eunyoung Hong, Youngmi Kang Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2017; 37: e16. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Sexually Transmitted Infections in South Korean High School Students Suhee Kim, Chungyul Lee Public Health Nursing.2016; 33(3): 179. CrossRef
Factors influencing sexually transmitted infections among adolescents in South Korea S.H. Gwon, C.Y. Lee International Nursing Review.2016; 63(1): 68. CrossRef
Effects of Drinking, Smoking and Drug Use Experience on Adolescents’ Sexual Intercourse: Using the Data of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey from 2010 to 2014 Eunyoung Pyo, Jiyeon An, Jinok Jeong, Yunjeong Yi Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2016; 29(3): 299. CrossRef
Sexual Behaviors and Sexual Experience of Adolescents in Korea Gyuyoung Lee Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2016; 17(12): 71. CrossRef
Factors that Influence Sexual Intercourse among Middle School Students: Using Data from the 8th(2012) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey Seok Hyun Gwon, Chung Yul Lee Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(1): 76. CrossRef
PURPOSE This study was done to examine the relationship between sexual permissiveness, family function and parent-adolescent communication among adolescents. METHOD A descriptive correlation approach was used and the participants were 956 male and female students. Data were collected by questionnaire survey using convenience sampling. The instruments were the Family APGAR Questionnaire by Smilkstein(1978), PAC by Olson and Barnes(1982), and the Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Questionnaire by Reiss(1967). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 10.0 program with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, t-test, and ANOVA. RESULTS Family function was significant according to school record, economic status, living arrangement of parent.
Parent-Adolescent Communication was significant according to religion, economic status, having a boy/girl friend, and experience of sexual intercourse. Sexual permissiveness was significant for all except economic status. Correlation among the variables showed that parent-adolescent communication was negatively correlated to sexual permissiveness(r=-.127, p=.000) and positively to family function(r=.368, p=.000). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that parent-adolescent communication and family function are associated with sexual permissiveness, and the findings of this study are expected to make a contribution to creating an ideal sexual culture for youth.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a sexuality education course of study for students in the lower grades of elementary school. METHOD On the basis of the sexuality education guidebook for elementary school students published by Korea Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, the state-designated textbooks for first to third grade were analyzed. RESULTS 1) In the category of physical and psychological development, physical development and psychosexual development content were covered, but not sexual health content. 2) In the category of understanding of human relationship, marriage and family, and the opposite sex and love were presented but self-determination and selection were only partially presented. 3) In the category of sexual culture and sexual ethics, sexual role in society was covered, but not social environment or equality of the sexes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that content on sexuality which is not covered in textbooks for students in lower grades should be included in other school courses or activities in class.
PURPOSE To suggest ideas that promote sexual health and useful in planning sex education programs for middle school students. METHOD This study surveyed 661 middle school students from three schools in Seoul and Chunchon. RESULTS The average degree of sexual knowledge was 31.5, while attitude was 32.5. There were statistically significant differences in sexual knowledge in relation to: coeducational environment (t=-5.776, p=.000), grade (F=36.351, p=.000), father's age (t=-2.510, p=.012), mother's age (t=-2.146, p=.032), economical status (F=3.264, p=.039), source of sexual knowledge (F=8.484, p=.000), the degree of interest in the opposite sex (F=16.871, p=.000), sexual discussions with parents (t=3.556, p=.000), sexual discussions with teachers (t=2.847, p=.005), and sex education (t=2.148, p=.032). Likewise, stastically significant differences in sexual attitudes were linked to: coeducational environment (t=-7.646, p=.000), subject's grade (F=32.743, p=.000), parental marriage status (t=2.338, p=.020), mother's age (t=-2.048, p=.041), source of sexual knowledge (F=6.917, p=.000), the degree of interest in the opposite sex (F=15.559, p=.000), sexual discussions with parents (t=3.908, p=.000), and sexual discussions with teachers (t=2.946, p=.003). The students level of sexual knowledge and attitude was significantly correlated (r=.686, p=.000). CONCLUSION This study indicates a variety of systematic sexual education programs are needed for middle school student at home and school.
PURPOSE To develop a tool to evaluate middle school sex education programs. METHOD An evaluation tool was developed in 4 stages: first, preliminary items were developed based on the sex education guidebook for teachers published by the Korean Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development; second, a panel of specialists reduced the number of preliminary items by 3 validity tests on the contents; third, final items were selected from the results of pre-test. Finally, reliability and validity were tested by a sample of 601 middle school students of both genders attending all three grades. RESULTS The developed evaluation tool contained 31 items on the sexual knowledge and 22 items on the sexual attitude.
The results of reliability tests were as follows: Cronbachs alpha for sexual knowledge was .84; and for sexual attitude was .88. CONCLUSION This study suggested the developed evaluation tool for sex education programs for middle school students had a high degree of reliability and validity.Therefore, it can be utilized to effectively evaluate Korean middle school sex education programs.
PURPOSE To investigate factors influencing sexual harassment and the frequency of incidents among university students. METHOD During 1-20 July 2004, 339 students from five universities in Busan, Korea, responded to a written questionnaire. The SPSS Program calculated descriptive statistics, chi square test, and logistic regression analysis of the data. RESULTS Of the total respondents, 69.3% (62.6% of the males and 77.2% of the females), reported that they were victims of sexual harassment. Conversely, 72.5% (males 84.3%; females 58.4%), indicated that they were sexual harassment offenders. Characteristics of the reported victims were significantly different in terms of class year, proportion of males to females in their academic department, and group norms regarding sexually harassing behavior. Characteristics of the admitted offenders were significantly different in term of proportion of males to females within their academic department, group norms, and awareness of sexual harassment.
Factors predicting sexual harassment included gender, proportion of males to females in an academic department, the group norms regarding sexually harassing behavior, and the offenders experiences. CONCLUSION This study suggested that occurrence of sexual harassment among university students were related to various factors. Prevention programs should be developed that focus on these factors.
The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent teenagers accepted sexual relations, and to determine in which way that was affected by their disposition of stimuli, one of the psychological factors, and by their adjustment to school life, one of the environmental factors, as those factors seemed to have impact on that. This study was of descriptive correlational approach, and the subjects were 962 boy and girl students randomly selected from regular and business high schools. The data were collected from May through July 2002, and SPSS win 10.0 program was employed for data analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows; First, the students investigated got a mean of 44.49 marks on school adjustment. Their sensation seeking got an average of 130.10 marks. Their sexual allowance got a mean of 38.90 marks. Second is to regard the influence of their general characteristics on school adjustment, sensation seeking and sexual allowance. school adjustment was significant on gender, grade, career track, religion, school record, economic state, sexual intercourse. Sensation seeking was significant on all of their general characteristics. Sexual allowance was significant on all except economic state. Third, concerning correlation among sexual allowance, school adjustment and sensation seeking, sexual allowance was positively correlated to sensation seeking and negatively to school adjustment. The above-mentioned findings suggested that school adjustment and stimuli pursuit was associated with sexual attitude, and the findings of this study are expected to make any contribution to creating an ideal sexual culture for the youth.
PURPOSE This study aims at not only suggesting some ideas useful in planning and doing the sexual education in the middle schools in the near future putting into test the sexual education program which has been developed by researchers in accordance with the national education courses but also improve sexual health of the adolecents through taking right sexual knowledge and sound sexual attitude. METHOD Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The number of experimental group students was 37 and the number of controll group students was 37. A total of 74 first grade "H"middle school girls at H district in KangWon-Do were selected for a convenience sampling method and have been taught the sexual education program during 6weeks, 12times. RESULT The findings of the study are as follows: After the sexual education program, the sexual knowledge of experimental group show to be significantly different from that they had before(t=-5.861, p=.000). So, this finding indicating that the adolescent sexual education program helps the ado have and expand the correct sexual knowledge accordingly. In order to look into any change of the sexaul attitudes of experimental group after the sexual education program, there were not significant difference(t=-1.083, p=.286). But some items were significant. It is discovered that the adolescence come to have more affirmative and sound sexual attitude after sexual education program. CONCLUSION As the findings of the study indicate, it may be concluded as follows: Since the sexual education program can affirmative influence on the sexual knowledge and sexual attitudes of the adolescence, it is recommendable to perform the sexual education program suitable for every stage of growth and development should be developed, qualified teachers and the educational materials should be reinforced and added enough and institutional device should be made to execute the sexual education program systematically.
PURPOSE This study was done to develop a reliable and appropriate evaluation tool for sexual educational materials and to apply it to video materials for recommendation of excellent materials. METHOD The items of the content for evaluation were based on the previous studies on the sexual education and evaluation tools. After testing validity and reliability of tool, final evaluation tool for sexual educational materials was developed. The evaluation tool was applied to 84 video materials and the excellent materials were recommended. RESULT The final evaluation tool for sexual educational materials which consisted of two parts was developed. One is the evaluation of basic information which includes 8 items: target population, type of materials, producer, year of production, subject, theme, running time, and guide book.
The other is the evaluation of content which includes 36 items related to characteristics of material, purpose, efficiency and scope of content.After applying the tool to 84 video materials, 39 excellent sexual education materials were suggested. CONCLUSION The systematic development of materials for sexual education appropriate to the specific subjects should be done. Producers should describe the basic information on the outside of materials. For recommending the excellent materials, the periodical standardized evaluation of sexual educational materials should be done, and the database of the excellent materials should be provided for further utilization.
This study was aimed at primarily to develop a tool to evaluate sexuality education and secondarily to test effectiveness through application of developed evaluation tools in elementary school. The results from this study were summarized below: 1. On the basis of targeting the lower grades (1st- 3th year) and the higher grades (4th-6th year) elementary school students' sexuality education guidebooks published by Korea Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, 71 preliminary items targeting the lower grades, 90 preliminary items targeting the higher grades were developed. 2. Through the validity test about the contents of the preliminary items three times, the items were regulated to 65 items targeting the lower grads and 57 items targeting the higher grades. And then, the preliminary items were re-regulated to 40 items separately. Then, pre-test which targeting each 30 students was enforced.
3.Finally, the evaluation tools for sexuality education that consisted of 40 items targeting the lower grades and the higher grades were developed. 4.Reliability test of the developed tools, sexuality education evaluation tools showed alpha coefficient of internal consistency were 0.8355 (for the use of the lower grades) and 0.8881 (for the use of the higher grades). 5.To apply the developed sexuality education evaluation tools, 10-times sexuality education were carried out class unit and pre-post test were done using same questionnaire, which contains developed tool, there were significant difference in low grade (t=16.548, p=0.000), high grade (t=14.773, p=0.000). The results of this study suggest that the evaluation tool for sexuality education in elementary school may be a useful tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, the evaluation tool for sexuality education developed by this study can be effectively utilized in Korea elementary schools.
We would like to suggest the guideline of use of materials of sexual education for adolescent in school by examining the status of use of materials and by evaluating the video materials frequently used. Survey was done by enquetes on status of use of materials of sexual education from school nurses in 190 primary, 44 middle and 50 high schools in Seoul, Kyonggi-do and Kangwon-do from August 1999 to February 2000. The frequently used 84 videotapes were evaluated on their contents. As for the status of use, 99.3% of subjected schools possessed the materials for sexual education. Decision of purchase was determined according to the review of contents (92.6%). Information about materials was received by the advertisement in newspapers or broadcasting (46.1%) or recommendation of peer teacher (32.4%). Videotape was most frequently used (64.1%) rather than books or CD. Teachers concerns on the materials were the educational content according to developmental stage of students (41.9%), content provoking interest (33.5%) and concrete guide for teacher (10.6%). As for the evaluation of the contents of videotapes, a subject of education was not described out of 46.6%. Videotape producer were mostly the Government-affiliated institutes or non-profit organizations (86.8%). The year of production was indicated from 41.7%.
Running time range of 21-30 minutes was highest (55.9%). The price was marked in only one videotape. Subjects of contents were general sexual education (34.5%), sexual violence or sexual harassment (21.4%), pregnancy and contraception (14.2%) and AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (8.3%) and dating and adolescent change (4. 8%), and etc (11.9 %).
According to above results, we suggested that materials for sexual education should be completed with a description on the subjected group, summary of content, information on the tape producer, year of production, running time and sale price.
Recently in Korea, the adolescents' sexual problems including sexual violence have increased, and those phenomena have escalated to be one of the major social issues. This study was conducted to identify the variables related to the sexual harassments of the Korean adolescents.
The variables to which the subjects belong were gender, school grade, religion, extracurricular activity, amount of pocket money, school performance traffic mean to school, ownership of PC, internet contact frequency and place, contact to pornography, heterosexual friend, drinking, and smoking. The period of survey was from July 2000 to Dec.
2000. The subjects were 475 middle and high-schoolers in Busan and Kyung-Nam. The instrument to measure sexual harassments of the subjects was questionnaire. That was gained by modifying the three patterns(physical, verbal and visual) in the manual provide by the Ministry of Labor(1999). The degree of sexual harassments was measured by 4-point Likert scale. The collected data was analyzed with t-test and ANOVA by SPSS win(10.0). The findings were as follows ; 1. The variables related to the physical harassment were gender, age, pocket money, perceived school performance, traffic means, contact to pornography, having heterosexual friend, experience of drinking and smoking.
2. The variables related to the visual harassments were gender, age, perceived school performance, traffic mean, internet contact, contact to pornography, having heterosexual friend, experience of drinking & smoking. 3.
The variables related to the verbal harassments were gender, age, pocket money, perceived school performance, traffic mean, internet contact, contact to pornography, having heterosexual friend, and experience of drinking & smoking.
The purpose of the study is to identify the differences about knowledge and attitude between the subjects exposed to pc pornography and the control group not exposed to pc pornography. The study was executed from July 12 through July 16. The subjects were 423 middle school boys. The comparison points were their ethical sexual knowledges and sexual attitudes. The collected data was analysed by SPSS WIN(including multiplicand, percentage, x2-test, revised Fisher and t-test). The results of their study were as follows ; 1. The pc-related characteristics of the subjects.
The subjects exposed pc pornography showed 51.8% rate of exposure to printed pornography. The control group showed the rate of 26.4%. The former group owned their pc(81.5%), however, the latter group showed 66.7%. The former group set their pc sets in their study rooms(66.1%) however, the latter group installed those in their study rooms(73.6%).
The former group experienced internet pc communications(62.5%),however, the latter group showed 40.2%. The former group made use of their pc sets in recreation(entertainment) programs(77.0%), however, the latter group showed the rate of 67.8%. The former group showed that their school performance levelled up after their pc manipulation(80.0%), however, the latter group showed the rate of 86.2%. The former group replied that their pc manipulation contributed to their friendship(50.3%), however, the latter group showed the higher rate of 74.7%.
The both groups replied that their family dialogs and contacts rather reduced (78.9% and 78.2% respectively). The both groups revealed that they reduced the TV watching the rate 76.5% and 48.3% respectively. The differences between two groups were surveyed in the level of 95% significance and the items such as "contacts to printed pornography, pc possession or none, pc use rate, friendship occasions and the reduced time of TV watching" showed the significant differences. 2. The differences of two groups' sexual knowledges. As to the sexual knowledges, the both groups showed 41.1 and 34.1 points against 100 points respectively.
The statistical differences were significant(t=2.72, p=.007). The 5 items among 17 showed the significant differences between two groups. "The concept of masturbation" was x2=5.033, p=.025. "The prejudice to masturbation" showed x2=9.902, p=.002 "The difference between female and male as to sexual excitement" showed x2=7.985, p=.005. "The positiveness of masturbation" showed x2=10.205, p=.001. "The differences between two sexes as to sexual impulse and sexual desire" showed x2 =8.463, p=.004.
In conclusion, The former group showed the higher knowledges than the latter group. 3. The differences of two groups' sexual attitudes. The 4 items such as "the curiosity to the other sex"(t=2.22, p=.027), "the attention to pornography"(t=3.39, p=.001), "the permission to pre-marriage intercourse"(t=2.15, p=.032) and "the preference to the female body exposure"(t=2.67, p=.008) showed the differences between two groups as to sexual attitudes.
The purpose of this study was to analyze and identify the higher-grade primary school children's needs for sexual education. We got the data with open question from 481 children from March to July 1999. We analyzed them according to the framework suggested by the Sex Information and Education Council of USA. The framework involves the six domains such as human development, relationship, personal skills, sexual behavior, sexual health, and society & culture. In the analysis of need for sexual education according to domain, need for human development was highest (79.2 %), after that followed society & culture (8.3 %), sexual health (5.8%), sexual behavior (3.6%), and relationships (3.1%). There was no need for personal skills.
By topics, there were needs for puberty (38.0%), reproduction (32.5%), gender roles (6.0%), body image (4.9%), sexual abuse (2.4%) and reproductive health (2.4%).
Girls and boys all mostly wanted to know human development 41.0 % and 38.2 % each. Society & culture (3.4 %), sexual behaviour (2.7%), sexual health (2.6%), relationship (2.4%) were domains selected by boys. Girls wanted to know society & culture (4.9%) and 'sexual health (3.2%). Comparing by grade, fourth, fifth and sixth grade children are commonly interested in development, society & culture. Fourth grade children scarcely show attention on the relationship, sexual behaviour and sexual health; meanwhile sixth grade children would like to know sexual behaviour and sexual health. When their grade became higher, they would like to know more precise, concrete and deep information. We suggest that the textbook/guidebook for sexual health for the higher-grade primary school children should be developed considering the sex and grade.
This study aims at not only suggesting some ideas useful in planning and doing the sexual education in the primary schools in the near future putting into test the sexual education program which has been developed by researchers in accordance with the national education courses but also improve sexual health of the children through taking right sexual knowledge and sound sexual attitude. For this study 21 students are selected from all class of the fourth grade of the 'D' primary school at H district in KangWon-Do and have been taught the sexual education program during 6weeks, 12times. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. After the sexual education program, the sexual knowledge of the primary school children show to be significantly different from that they had before(t=-6.661, p=.000). So, this finding indicating that the sexual education program helps the children have and expand the correct sexual knowledge accordingly. 2. In order to look into any change of the sexaul attitudes of the primary school children after the sexual education program, there were significant difference(t=-3.808, p=.001). It is discovered that children come to have more affirmative and sound sexual attitude after sexual education program. As the findings of the study indicate, it may be concluded as follows: Since the sexual education program can affirmative influence on the sexual knowledge and sexual attitudes of the children, it is recommendable to start the sexual education program as early as possible in their childhood so that they can estabilish a sound sexual mortality for themselves. Additionally, to perform the sexual education program suitable for every stage of children should be developed, qualified teachers and the educational materials should be reinforced and added enough and institutional device should be made to execute the sexual education program systematically.
With the improvement of the nutritive conditions and the influence of overflowing informations and various cultural aspects imported from foreign countries, children develop more rapidly in the bodily and sexual growth. This study was conducted to suggest some ideas useful in planning sexual education program in elementary schools and ultimate aim is to promote sexual health. The subject of this survey consisted of 802 fourth, fifth, sixth graders from 6 schools in Seoul, Hongchon and Chunchon. Major findings are summarized as follows. 1. The degree of sexual knowledge of children showed low averaged 26.96 and the degree of sexual attitude showed usual averaged 55.70. 2.With the respect to the demographic characteristics, there were stastically significant differences in sexual knowledge, according to children's grade(F=64.031, p=. 000), father's education(t=-2.504, p=.013), experience of menarche(t=3.470, p=.001), experience of sex-related question to their parents(t=-.6054, p=.000), experience of sex-related question to the teachers (t= -3.385, p=.001), experience of sexual education(t=8.607, p=.000) and in sexual attitude, there were stastically significant differences according to children's grade (F=6.588, p=.001), experience of sex- related question to their parents(t=-5.387, p=.000), experience of sex-related question to the teachers(t=-2.845, p=.005), experience of sexual education(t=5.070, p=.000). 3.
The level of sexual knowledge and sexual attitude of childrens' was correlated at significant level(r=.354, p=.000) The findings of this study indicated that variety of the systematic sexual education program suitable for the stage of children should be developed and family, society, contry's higher concern and enlightment are required.
To understand and identity the meaning of sexuality in middle school girls and boys, the qualitative research was done. We made the in-depth unstructured interviews with 33 participants form July to October 1998. We analyzed the data according to the Collaizzi's phenomenological method. After repeated reading and interpretation of data, 15 themes and 7 basic structures were deducted. Followings were 7 basic structures: physical touch and exposure, relationship with male and female, difference between male and female, natural and inevitable life process, something should be hidden, interest and abstinence, and female as victim.
According to above results, we would like to propose followings on the sexuality of middle school students: First, the research on the meaning of sexuality of high school and university students should be followed-up.
Second, the measuring tool of sexual behaviour of the middle school students should be developed including the contents of 15 themes and 7 basic structures of this study.
PURPOSE This study was done to identify sexual maturity, sexual knowledge and sexual attitude in late elementary school children and to provide basic data to develop more concrete and practical applications for sexual education. METHOD The participants were 1,959 fifth and sixth graders from 8 elementary schools in Busan and Gyungnam. Result Sexual maturity for boys was at the 1.3+/- .6 stage and pubic hair 1.2+/- .6. Breast maturity for girls was at the 2.3+/- .7 stage, and pubic hair, 1.7+/- .8. Of the boys, 5.9% had experienced nocturnal emission, and of the girls, 20.9% had experienced menarche. Sexual knowledge was lower than the mean. They were not well informed about contraception and sexual disease. Sexual knowledge of girls and of sixth graders was higher than boys and fifth graders.
The more mature students had higher sexual knowledge. Sexual attitude was generally positive but was more positive for girls than for boys. Sexual maturity, sexual knowledge, and sexual attitude were positively correlated. CONCLUSION Because sexual maturity comes earlier, systematic sexual education is needed for elementary students. Institutional and economic support should continue to be given to the sexual education programs in school, home and community.
First
Prev
