Purpose
The aim of this study was to develop a self-control competency scale for school-aged children and to confirm its reliability and validity.
Methods
This study involved methodological research to verify the reliability and validity of a self-control competency scale for school-aged children. Data were collected from 438 students in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school.
Results
The self-control competency scale was composed of 13 items and six subscales (control of relationship with one's teacher, problem-solving, peer empathy, control of relationships with one's peers, impulse control, and emotional control). The internal consistency reliability of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach's ⍺, which was .83 for the entire scale and ranged from .65 to .76 for the subscales. The model of six subscales was validated by CFA (CMIN/df=1.977; p<.001, GFI=.94, SRMR=.050, RMSEA=.065, IFI=.95, TLI=.93, CFI=.95). Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing this scale to the scale developed by Nam and Ok (2000), and a significant correlation was found (r=.82, p<.001). On this scale, higher scores indicate higher levels of self-control among late-school-aged children.
Conclusion
This scale can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for examining self-control competency among late-school-aged children.

Citations

• Development and psychometric validation of the soft skills scale for primary school students
  Hanife Esen Aygün, Mehmet Aşıkcan, Şerife Gonca Zeren
  Frontiers in Psychology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate internet addiction among middle school students and to examine the mediating effects of social support in the relationships of self-efficacy and self-control with internet addiction.
Methods
The participants in the study were 119 middle school students in J city. The measurements included a self-efficacy scale, a self-control scale, a social support scale, and the Internet Addiction Scale for Youth. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple-regression using SPSS version 22.0. Mediation effects were analyzed by the Sobel test and Baron and Kenny's hierarchical analysis technique.
Results
Significant correlations were found among self-efficacy, self-control, and internet addiction. Social support had partial mediating effects in the relationship between self-efficacy and internet addiction, as well as in the relationship between self-control and internet addition.
Conclusion
In order to prevent internet addiction, the promotion of interactions among peers, which is a component of social support, is particularly important. It is also necessary to promote face-to-face activities that can strengthen relationships. The findings suggest that intensifying social support may help reduce the level of internet addiction in middle school students.

Citations

• Exploring the Role of Independent Living Workers in How Youth in Care Access and Utilize Technology
  Dana M. Reiss, Marlo A. Perry, Rebecca J. Gomez, Camie Tomlinson, Naomi Reddish
  Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal.2026; 43(1): 113.     CrossRef
• Smartphone Application-Based Addiction, Short Video Addiction, and Short Video Flow among Physical Education Majors: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Zeynep Dinç, Leyla Saraç
  Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research.2026; 12((Special I): 41.     CrossRef
• The impact of internet addiction on non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: a moderated chain mediation model
  Changjiao Wei, Xiaofei Dong
  Frontiers in Psychology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Self-control and social support in the link between academic pressure anxiety depression and social media addiction in college students
  WeiYu Ma, RuoNan Zhen, XiaYou Tan, YiNan He, JinWei Zhang, ShiHao Tang, Zhi Wang
  Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Impact of Parental Absence on Adolescents’ Health Risk Behaviors: Evidence from the China Education Panel Survey
  Nan Wang, Yunjie Liu, Ruirui Dang, Siyan Liu, Yaobo Shi
  Emerging Markets Finance and Trade.2026; 62(14): 5693.     CrossRef
• Association Between Self-Control and Internet Addiction in University Students: A Simulation-Based Network Analysis
  Jinfei Xu, Wei Lan, Zijuan Xie, Chengzhe Fu, Jieqi Guan, Yilin Ren
  International Journal of Mental Health and Addicti.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Intervention structure and effectiveness in digital health interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity: A scoping review
  Sung-Hyo Seo, Yujin Kim, Yoolwon Jeong
  DIGITAL HEALTH.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A meta-analysis of self-regulation and digital recreation from birth to adolescence
  Steven J. Howard, Nicole Hayes, Sumudu Mallawaarachchi, Daniel Johnson, Cathrine Neilsen-Hewett, Janelle Mackenzie, Laura A. Bentley, Sonia L.J. White
  Computers in Human Behavior.2025; 163: 108472.     CrossRef
• Internet Addiction of College Students: An Overview of Psychological Causes
  琳 赵
  Advances in Psychology.2025; 15(01): 15.     CrossRef
• Relationship between academic procrastination and internet addiction in Peruvian university students: the mediating role of academic self-efficacy
  Dana Rocio Chavez-Yacolca, Ruth Beatriz Castro-Champión, Nely Marlene Cisneros-Gonzales, Denis Frank Cunza-Aranzábal, Mardel Morales-García, Carlos D. Abanto-Ramírez
  Frontiers in Psychology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Theoretical Perspectives on Adolescent Internet Addiction: A Comprehensive Literature Review
  Yishan Jin, Shan Jiang, Chunkai Li
  Health & Social Care in the Community.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• HEMŞİRELİK ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTENİN KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: İNTERNET BAĞIMLILIĞININ ARACILIK ROLÜ
  İlknur Sayan
  Akademik Hassasiyetler.2025; 12(27): 237.     CrossRef
• Investigating the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between self-efficacy, happiness, social support, and Internet addiction in adolescents
  Tuba Bağatarhan
  Current Psychology.2025; 44(12): 11591.     CrossRef
• The association between internet use on depression among rural-to-urban migrants: The role of sense of gain and intergenerational support
  Xiaohan Yang, Yijie Wang
  Acta Psychologica.2025; 258: 105150.     CrossRef
• The effect of social support on learning engagement among Chinese nursing interns: the mediating role of self-efficacy
  Liping Wu, Yan Chen, Meiqin Xue, Weiyi Zhu, Wei Wang
  BMC Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Problematic internet use, the behavioral activation system/behavioral inhibition system, and self-control in children and adolescents: A network analysis
  Hui Zhou, Xinyi Xing, Jiaqi Zhang, Guangteng Meng, Kesong Hu, Ping Wei, Manqi Chen, Jing Xiao, Qi Li
  Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.2025; 101: 101881.     CrossRef
• Effects of Game-Related Tasks for the Diagnosis and Classification of Gaming Disorder
  Jeongbong Choi, Youngseok Choi, Young-Chul Jung, Jeyeon Lee, Jongshill Lee, Eunkyoung Park, In Young Kim
  Biosensors.2024; 14(1): 42.     CrossRef
• The Moderating Effect of Self-Efficacy on Pregnancy Stress and Smartphone Addiction of Pregnant Women in Late Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Study
  Di Ma, Bingfen Li, Xiaoyan Liu, Ying Sun, Jingli Sun
  Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2024; Volume 17: 41.     CrossRef
• The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Parental Communication and Digital Addiction
  Tuba Bağatarhan, Diğdem Müge Siyez
  Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior T.2024; 42(4): 830.     CrossRef
• Preventive Interventions for Internet Addiction in Young Children: Systematic Review
  Yansen Theopilus, Abdullah Al Mahmud, Hilary Davis, Johanna Renny Octavia
  JMIR Mental Health.2024; 11: e56896.     CrossRef
• Low self-control, perceived social support and internet gaming addiction: findings from an ethnicity minority region in China
  Cui Meng, Li Quancai, Cui Kunjie, Xin Yanyu, Lama Wencai, Xia Yiwei
  Frontiers in Psychiatry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Social Interaction and Online Learning Efficiency for Middle School Students: The Mediating Role of Social Presence and Learning Engagement
  Fangfang Gao, Chunzhen Wang, Han Xie, Jianzhong Hong
  Behavioral Sciences.2024; 14(10): 896.     CrossRef
• Maternal and paternal harsh parenting and anxiety symptoms in Chinese adolescents: examining a multiple mediation model
  Xiujuan Yang, Ling Lin, Wen Feng, Pei Liu, Nana Liang, Zhenpeng Xue, Yuejiao Ma, Yuan Shen, Wenwen Yu, Jianping Lu, Jianbo Liu
  Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between internet attitude and internet self-efficacy: ICT competence and network interaction as mediators
  Di Wu, Xiao Yang, Chun Lu, Miaoyun Li, Meiqian Wang, Wei Yang
  Children and Youth Services Review.2023; 149: 106916.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Academic Adaptability on Learning Burnout Among College Students: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and the Moderating Effect of Self-Efficacy
  Chumei Chen, Yuanyi Shen, Yujie Zhu, Fanghao Xiao, Jiawen Zhang, Jianchao Ni
  Psychology Research and Behavior Management.2023; Volume 16: 1615.     CrossRef
• Protocol for an observational cohort study on psychological, addictive, lifestyle behavior and highly prevalent affective disorders in primary health care adults
  Fátima Méndez-López, Bárbara Oliván-Blázquez, Marta Domínguez-García, Cruz Bartolomé-Moreno, Isabel Rabanaque, Rosa Magallón-Botaya
  Frontiers in Psychiatry.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Depressive and Anxious Symptoms Increase with Problematic Technologies Use Among Adults: The Effects of Personal Factors Related to Health Behavior
  Fátima Méndez-López, Bárbara Oliván-Blázquez, Marta Domínguez García, Yolanda López-Del-Hoyo, Olaya Tamayo-Morales, Rosa Magallón-Botaya
  Psychology Research and Behavior Management.2023; Volume 16: 2499.     CrossRef
• Longitudinal relationships between school assets, traditional bullying, and internet gaming disorder: the role of self-control and intentional self-regulation among Chinese adolescents
  Ke-Nan Qin, Xiong Gan
  Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• COVID-19 victimization experience and university students’ smartphone addiction: the mediating role of emotional intelligence
  Hongxia Chen, Hong-xin Zhang
  BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Analysis of the mediating effects of self-efficacy and self-control between physical activity and Internet addiction among Chinese college students
  Zhihao Du, Xiuli Zhang
  Frontiers in Psychology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Effect of COVID-19 Perceived Risk on Internet Addiction among College Students in China: An Empirical Study Based on the Structural Equation Model
  Ling Pan, Jun Li, Ziao Hu, Henan Wu
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2022; 19(20): 13377.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct a structural model that explains the factors affecting aggression among elementary school students and to verify their suitability.
Methods
The study period was from June to August 2018. The study subjects were fifth- and sixth- graders at an elementary school. In total, 291 surveys were collected, of which 259 were analyzed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 and AMOS version 24.0.
Results
The fit of the final model was acceptable (x²=160.08 [p<.001], GFI=.921, AGFI=.869, CFI=.919, SRMR=.057, and RMSEA=.086). Thus, eight of the 10 hypotheses were shown to be statistically significant.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that positive and open parenting behaviors and training children to engage in self-control are needed to reduce their aggression. In addition, considerable attention and education are required in the home, school, and society so that children can learn to properly recognize and express their emotions and establish suitable beliefs regarding aggressive behavior.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to obtain research-based evidence on the relationships among general characteristics, family strength, self-control, and happiness among late school-aged children using a correlational research design.
Methods
The participants were 172 fifth- and sixth-grade students from two public elementary schools. Data were collected by employing structured questionnaires, including the Korean Family Strengths Scale for Strengthening Family II, a self-control scale, and a happiness scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0.
Results
The level of happiness of late school-aged students showed significant correlations with family strength (r=.78, p<.001), and self-control (r=.59, p<.001). Family strength had a significant positive correlation with self-control (r=.55, p<.001). The factors with a significant impact on participants’ happiness were family strength (β=.63, p<.001), self-control (β=.21, p<.001), exercise frequency, and self-perceived health. The total explanatory power of the model was 69%, and the explanatory power of family strength for the level of happiness was 61%, showing that the family strength was the most important factor that promoted happiness in late school-aged students.
Conclusion
These findings imply that improving family strength is an important aspect of promoting happiness among late school-aged children. Interventions to strengthen late school-aged children’s self-control are also necessary.

Citations

• Longitudinal changes and predictors of happiness in South Korean early adolescents: a panel study using latent growth modeling
  Hyesun Jeong, Mi-Ae You, Yoonju Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2026; 32(2): 174.     CrossRef
• Structural Relationships between Psychological Capital and Forgiveness Ability and Family Strength with the Mediation of Meaning of Life and Religious Coping Strategies: A Descriptive Study
  Safura Asgharpour, Amir Qorbanpoorlafmejani, Sajjad Rezaei
  Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Science.2026; 24(10): 937.     CrossRef
• The Concept of Happiness in Children, Adolescents and the Factors that Influence it: a Systematic Literature Review
  Magdalini Vampa, Mitjana Profiri, Elona Kodhel, Dashamir Bërculli, Kaltrina Kelmendi, Natyra Agani-Destani
  Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review.2025; 5(3): e05405.     CrossRef
• Peer bonds and nature’s embrace: exploring the influence of pet caregiving on social well-being and nature connection among Taiwanese children
  Tzuhui Angie Tseng, Hsiao-Yen Fang, Ching-Cheng Shen, Yun-Chen Chang
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictors of Adolescents’ Subjective Happiness Based on Roy’s Adaptation Model: A Longitudinal Study
  Jeong-Eun Yang, SeolHwa Moon
  The Open Public Health Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Investigation of aggression and happiness level in parents of 8-11 years old children playing sports
  Mehmet Metín, Servet Özoruç
  Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physi.2024; 11(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Effects of Health Intentions and Health-promoting Behavior on Selfesteem among School-aged Children in South Korea
  Jin Kim, Ga Eul Jeon, Nam Hyun Cha
  Current Pediatric Reviews.2023; 19(3): 304.     CrossRef