Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify personal, contextual, and cognitive factors influencing the career preparation behavior of Korean nursing students. In this study, an examination was done of the fitness of a path model for the relationship among these factors based on the social cognitive career theory.
Methods The participants were 413 nursing students in South Korea. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires that included self-esteem, social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectation, career decision level, and career preparation behavior. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and path analysis.
Results The factors influencing career preparation behavior were self-efficacy, career decision level, self-esteem, outcome expectation, and social support. The factors influencing career decision level were self-efficacy, outcome expectation, self-esteem, and social support.
Conclusion The findings indicate that self-efficacy is an important factor influencing the career behavior of Korean nursing students. Nurse educators should consider personal, contextual, and cognitive factors of nursing students and develop systemic career guidance programs to help nursing students’ career preparation behavior.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an empowerment program on nicotine dependency, temptation, self-esteem, and depression for adolescents who smoke. METHODS The study design was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group, pre-post design. The participants were 49 adolescents who smoked. Twenty-six adolescents were assigned to the experimental group and 23 to the control group. The intervention was conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. Chi-square test, t-test, paired-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS After program, scores for self-esteem (t=5.560, p=.014), were significantly higher and scores for depression (t=-2.111, p=.040) were significantly lower for adolescents in the experimental group compared to adolescents in the control group. CONCLUSION The finding indicate that the empowerment group training program was effective in improving self-esteem, and decreasing depression and could be considered as a positive program for smoking cessation for adolescents who smoke.
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The suicidal impulse group experienced lower self-esteem (OR=3.27), higher depression (OR=12.38) and higher aggression (OR=5.72) than the non-suicidal impulse group. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that integrated and effective interventions are needed to prevent suicidal attempts by adolescents who had experiences of suicidal impulse. Information on the cognitive, psychological and social characteristics of adolescents must be considered when developing the interventions.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between BMI, eating disorders, physical symptoms and self-esteem. METHODS: The research design was a descriptive correlation study. Data collection was done by using a constructive self-report questionnaire, a total 231 elementary school girls were measured. The instrument was a constructive questionnaire that consisted 115 items. Data analysis was done by SPSS WIN 10.0 using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The score of eating disorders differed significantly by the BMI : the score was highest in the group of obesity(F=4.53, p=.023). The score of physical symptoms differed significantly by the BMI : the score was highest in the group of obesity(F=3.16, p=.045). There was positive correlation between BMI and eating disorders(r=.247, p<.01), and BMI and physical symptoms(r=.186, p<.01). And there was positive correlation between eating disorders and physical symptoms(r=.253, p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that elementary school girls need more education and counseling on dietary. Also, to promote their normal growth development, the systematic efforts to reestablish the social standard of the beauty should be taken.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory stimulation conducted by primiparas on mother-infant interaction, maternal self-esteem and infant temperament. METHOD A non-equivalent control group post-test study design was used. The data were collected from December 1, 2001 to March 30, 2003. The participants were 39 primiparas with normal birth weight infants. They were divided into two groups, 20 mothers in the intervention group and 19 in the control group. The mothers in the intervention group were given instruction on sensory stimulation by the researcher, and the mothers, in turn, used this technique on their infants twice a day during the first 2 months of life. Both groups were measured for maternal self-esteem and infant temperament using the maternal self-report inventory (MSRI) and What My Baby Is Like (WBL) and a film was made of the feeding situation when each infant was between 8 and 10 weeks of age. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores in mother-infant interaction, maternal self-concept and infant temperament. CONCLUSION This suggests that sensory stimulation conducted by primiparas may improve the mother-infant interaction, maternal self-esteem and infant temperament.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a program promoting self-esteem and to determine the effectiveness of the program for hospitalized school-aged children. METHOD The sample group consisted of 68 hospitalized children in a University Hospital located in Busan. The experimental group was given the program and feedback was obtained 3 times up until the day of discharge. Data were analyzed using t-test and 2-way ANOVA with the SPSS program package. RESULT There was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in self-esteem. CONCLUSION It was found that the program promoting self-esteem in school aged children was effective. The program, which was based on learning theory, was shown to be an effective and strong method to promote adjustment in hospitalized school-aged children.
PURPOSE The quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of the integrated NICU hospitalization education on maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS in the 26 mothers of high-risk infants(HRI). METHOD The subjects were divided into the experimental group to received the integrated NICU hospitalization education included the enforced direct education of NICU and HRI to the mothers using a booklet and the provision of the neomaternal exposure as soon as possible after delivery. The control group received the routine education of the NICU hospitalization, mostly including the admission process and the NICU rules delivering to the husband. The research variables were maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS. RESULTS The results showed the increases in these variables after the integrated education in experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION It supports the benefits of the early direct NICU education and the neomaternal exposures on maternal adaptation process in the mothers of HRI.
PURPOSE To compare normal weight children with obese children in terms of family factors, eating habits, and sociocognitive factors. METHOD This study compared 217 obese children with 231 normal standard weight children of 4th-6th graders from 7 elementary schools in Kangwon province. The study also surveyed 817 their parents using questionnaires in which familial factors, eating habits, and sociocognitive factors such as dietary self-efficacy, locus of control and self-esteem were included. RESULTS Obese children had more obese family members, more family members with chronic metabolic disease, and lower breast-feeding rate than normal weight group. Dietary self-efficacy was positively correlated with eating habits and locus of control while no correlation was found with obesity index.. Self-esteem was negatively correlate with obesity index. Both the parents and the childrens eating habits showed significant positive correlation to the obesity index. CONCLUSION These results implied familial factors, eating habits, and sociocognitive factors influenced childhood obesity. Thus, further research targeting to positive attitude toward familial dietary practices combined with significant sociocognitive factors, may lead to prevention and effective management of childhood obesity.
PURPOSE Adolescence is viewed as a critical period in the formation of health behavior and many health behaviors developed during this era persist into adulthood.
Social-cognitive theory, self-efficacy as a central construct, has been used to predict and intervene the health behavioral patterns in adolescent. Previous research demonstrated that the attachment in childhood and self-esteem as psychosocial factors are predictors of the health efficacy in adolescent and it is viewed as solely an antecedent for the lifelong health behavior. METHOD To investigate the path pattern of attachment in childhood, self-esteem and health efficacy in adolescents, 381 adolescents in high school from two urban cities in Korea were recruited for cross-sectional sample. Attachment in childhood was measured using Mother-Father-Peer Scale.
Self esteem was measured with Hare self esteem. Perceived self efficacy in Health was measured by the School Health Efficacy Questionnaire. The path analysis revealed a significant relationship between attachment in childhood and self-esteem, self-esteem and health efficacy in adolescents.
Self esteem was the strongest contributing factor for health efficacy in adolescent. The results suggest that attachment in childhood may aid in formulating positive self -esteem in adolescents and self-esteem played a major role in predicting health efficacy in adolescents. CONCLUSION Therefore, self-esteem enrichment should be incorporated with adolescent health promotion and certainly should be a component in any health education program in school health program and interventions. These results have implications of psychosocial and family related factors on health promotion and health education for the health care provider with regard to primary and secondary prevention in adolescent population.
The Purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence the self-esteem of the schooler of families in poverty. A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study design was used. The data were collected from February to March, 2001. Convenient sampling was done from 194 subjects living in Jeju Do, but 167 subjects among these were used for the study analysis. Hierarchical Stepwise Regression was used to identify significant factors. The results of this study were as follows: In general, self-esteem status of the schooler in poor families was relatively poor. In stepwise regression analysis, self-esteem status was significantly influenced by emotional home environment, duration of poverty and frequency of parent-child tactics. These variables explained 26.8% of the variance of schooler's self-esteem. Conclusively, it is recommended that nursing intervention programs for schooler in poor family should be a focus to enhance the economic context as well as family effect.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender difference of relationships between the self-esteem and physical and mental health of adolescents. The sample were consisted of 410 adolescents, 202 boys and 208 girls in two urban city of Korea and the mean age was 17.4 years old. The instruments used in this study were Hare Self-Esteem Scale(Hare, 1985) and School Health Efficacy Questionnaire(Froman & Owen, 1991) which is consisted of both physical and mental health. The results showed that there was no gender difference in self-esteem of adolescents. However, the school domain of self-esteem was related to physical health of boys, and both the family domain and the school domain of self-esteem were related to physical health of girls. And both the school domain and the peer domain of self-esteem were positively related to mental health of boys, and all domains of self-esteem(peer, school, and family) were positively related to mental health of girls. In conclusion, there was not gender difference in degree of self-esteem, but there were gender difference in specific domains of self-esteem related with physical and mental health in adolescents.
Behavior modification is an approach to decrease degree of obesity through changing maladaptive eating habit and life style. It produces small amount of weight loss but it has few side effects and low dropout rate. It also has great effectiveness on maintenance of decreased weight. This study was performed to investigate effects of behavior modification on physical variables, fat and thin habit, and self-esteem in obese elementary school children. Sixty two students of 4th, 5th, and 6th grade were selected from two elementary schools located in the suburbs of Seoul. Thirty four children in one school were assigned to experimental group and twenty eight children in another school were assigned to control group. All subjects were healthy and were not on any type of obesity control. Behavior modification, in this study, was consisted of introduction, self-monitoring and stimuli control, education about diet and physical activities, individual counseling and reinforcement, requesting personal assistance, cognitive restructuring, and closing and long-term planning.
Experimental group was received 60 ~ 70 minutes of behavior modification once a week for 8 weeks from October 16 to December 22, 2000. Control group was not received any intervention. Data were collected before and after intervention by measuring physical variables, fat and thin habit, and self-esteem. Physical variables consisted of obesity index, skinfold thickness, body fat(percentage of body fat, fat mass, fat free mass), serum lipids(total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride) and serum leptin.
The results were as follows ; 1. physical variables 1)Obesity index of the experimental group was significantly decreased after behavior modification. But there was no significant difference between two groups. 2)The increase of skinfold thickness was significantly low in the experimental group compared to the control group. 3) Percentage of body fat and fat mass were significantly decreased in the experimental group. Fat free mass was significantly increased in the experimental group.
4) Total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglyceride and serum leptin between the experimental group and control group showed no significant difference. LDL-C was significantly decreased in the control group. 2. Thin habit score was significantly increased in the experimental group. In subcategories of habit, thin scores of life style, attitude, social relationship, nutrition were significantly increased in the experimental group. 3. Self-esteem score was significantly increased in the experimental group.
These results indicate that behavior modification is effective in decreasing percentage of body fat and fat mass, in less increasing skinfold thickness and in increasing fat free mass, thin habit, and self-esteem. In conclusion, behavior modification can be used as safe and effective strategy for managing obesity in elementary school children.
This study is the descriptive survey for the purpose of providing the basic data that establishes the strategy to promote adolescent's hope by the examining of self-esteem, academic achievement, family functioning and hope of adolescents and the investigating of the factors influencing the hope in adolescents.
The subjects for this study were 456 students of the first and second year of man's senior high school that located in Seoul. The data were gathered from 16th to 31st of the October 2000. For the survey tool, it was used that the Family Assessment Device(FAD) of Epstein, Baldwin & Bishop(1983), the Self-Esteem Inventory(SEI) of Coopersmith(1975), the class record order and Hinds & Gatusso(1991)'s Hopefulness Scale for Adolescents(HSA). The collected data was analyzed by statistics methods as the descriptive and frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression of SAS program.
The results of this study were following : 1. The mean score of self-esteem of young people was 51.06 +/- 6.83 and the mean grade was 2.04. The high academic achievement was 29.2%, middle grade was 52.7%, and low grade was 18.1%. The mean score of the family functioning was 38.30 +/- 6.98 and the mean grade was 2.25. The mean score of hope was 84.26 +/- 16.45 and the mean grade was 3.51. 2. The hope in adolescents was significantly different according to their father's school career. The mean score of the group that the father's school career was below junior high school was 77.32. That was significantly lower than the mean score 84.59 of the group that the father's school career was above college and the mean score 85.18 of senior high school group(F=4.04, P= 0.0183). 3. The self-esteem was represented the positive correlation with family functioning(r=0.43) and the all of the 4 subscales(r=0.31, 0.41, 0.39, 0.30). And, it was highly ranked as much as family functioning was good.
The academic achievement was represented the positive correlation with self-esteem(r= 0.15). Also, the positive correlation was shown between the affective responsiveness, role recognition and emotional support as the subscales of family functioning and academic achievement(r=0.11, 0.12).
And so, academic achievement was high as much as self- esteem was high and affective responsiveness and role recognition and emotional support were good. The hope was represented positive correlation with self-esteem and academic achievement(r=0.42, 0.26), and with the whole of family functioning(r=0.15) and the 4 subscales(r=0.13, 0.16, 0.11, 0.13). So, hope was high as much as self-esteem was high, academic achievement was high and family functioning was good. 4. The influencing factors on the hope of adolescents were self-esteem(17.63%), academic achievement(3.41%), father's school career(0.84%). These factors made it possible to explain 21.88% of hope.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in eating disorders and in several risk factors; body dissatisfaction, perfectionism, self-esteem, and depression. METHOD The data were collected from 423 students in grades 5 or 6 (230 male and 193 female) in this cross-sectional study. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression were used with the SPSS/PC ver 12.0 program. RESULTS Girls experienced more symptoms of eating disorders, body dissatisfaction, and depression than boys.
There were also gender differences in risk factors. For girls, depression, socially-prescribed perfectionism, and body dissatisfaction were related to eating disorder behaviors, whereas for boys, depression, self-oriented perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem were related to eating disorder behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that risk factors for eating disorders for boys and girls may be different, and these differences have implications for understanding the etiology of eating disorders and should be considered in planning possible nursing interventions.
PURPOSE In this study the effects of Self-Development program on self-esteem and communication in middle school students were examined. METHOD Forty-three middle school students in D City participated in a survey, which was carried out from October to November, 2007. To test the effects of the Self-Development Program, the students were divided into two groups, an experimental group (23) and a control group (20).
The research design used in this study was a nonequivalent control group pre-posttest quasi-experimental research design. The research tools included a self-esteem scale and a communication scale. Chi-square test, paired t-test, and t-test were used to analyze the data with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Result Significant differences were found in self-esteem scores between the experimental group and the control group.
But there were no significant differences between the two groups on communication scores. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the Self-Development program is a useful nursing intervention for improving the self-esteem of middle school students.
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