Purpose
This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based pediatric medication safety competence (PMSC) virtual simulation program and evaluate its effectiveness among nursing students.
Methods
This quasi-experimental study used a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design and was conducted in December 2025. The AI-based PMSC virtual simulation program was developed based on Kolb’s experiential learning theory, following its 4-stage cycle of concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Participants were 48 third-year nursing students in South Korea who were assigned to either the experimental group (n=24) or the control group (n=24) through a nonrandomized allocation procedure. The experimental group participated in the PMSC virtual simulation program. Outcomes included PMSC, medication calculation confidence (MCC), Simulation Task Load Index (SIM-TLX), and learning immersion (LI). Data were collected before and after the intervention using validated instruments, and statistical tests were used to evaluate program effectiveness.
Results
Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant improvement in PMSC (t=2.48, p=.017). No significant between-group differences were observed in MCC (t=−0.87, p=.389) or LI (t=0.97, p=.336). In addition, SIM-TLX scores decreased significantly from pretest to posttest in the experimental group (t=−2.61, p=.016).
Conclusion
The AI-based PMSC virtual simulation program may help strengthen PMSC among nursing students and may be suitable for use in pediatric nursing education. Future research should refine the program to better address individual learning needs and integrate complementary simulation-based strategies into pediatric medication nursing education.

Purpose
This study aimed to explore nurses’ experiences with hospitalized children’s fall accidents. The findings are intended to provide foundational data for developing strategies to strengthen patient safety for children.
Methods
Participants were purposively sampled. The sample consisted of eight nurses working in the pediatric departments of hospitals located in Daegu and Seoul in South Korea. All participants had experienced at least one fall accident involving a hospitalized child within the past year. Data were collected through in-depth interviews conducted between February 1 and April 30, 2025. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis method.
Results
The data analysis revealed four themes and 12 subthemes, which were derived from 111 significant statements and reflect pediatric ward nurses’ experiences with inpatient fall incidents. The four themes were: “encountering fall risks beyond nurses’ control,” “ineffective fall education and formalized safety practices,” “limitations of assessment tools and the growth of reflective practice,” and “moving toward comprehensive fall prevention and management strategies.”
Conclusion
Nurses recognized that the risk of pediatric falls was often beyond their control, and that fall prevention education did not always translate into practice. Reflective analysis of fall incidents, age- and patient-specific fall nursing interventions, and the establishment of an integrated support system are needed for effective fall prevention and management. These findings are expected to provide basic data to guide nursing care that prevents fall accidents and improves children’s patient safety.

Purpose
This study aimed to identify the effects of pediatric nurses’ perception of patient safety culture and their partnership with patients’ parents on pediatric patient safety nursing activities.
Methods
This descriptive study was conducted over a two-month period, from October to November 2022, utilizing self-reported questionnaires. The study included 165 nurses, each having at least 6 months of working experience in wards where children were admitted. These nurses were selected from 13 pediatric specialty hospitals, general hospitals, and university hospitals across seven regions. The data analysis was performed using the SPSS/WIN 26.0 program (IBM Corp.) for descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis.
Results
The average scores for awareness of patient safety culture, partnership with patients’ parents, and pediatric patient safety nursing activities were 3.37±0.41, 3.94±0.41, and 4.50±0.38, out of 5 points respectively. The factors influencing pediatric patient safety nursing activities were identified as a partnership with patients’ parents (β=.41, p<.001). Among hospital-related characteristics, safety management committee (β=.16, p=.029) and safety management regulations (β=.17, p=.016) were also analyzed as factors influencing patient safety nursing activities. These factors accounted for 29.2% of the explanatory power for pediatric patient safety nursing activities.
Conclusion
Based on the above study results, we found that to promote safe nursing activities for pediatric patients, developing and implementing training programs that enhance partnerships with patient’s parents was imperative, and establishing work regulations and a safety management committee to systematically manage safety management tasks was deemed important.

Citations

• Nurses’ experiences of children’s fall accidents in South Korea: a phenomenological study
  Hye Jin Kim, Hyun Young Koo
  Child Health Nursing Research.2026; 32(1): 39.     CrossRef
• Nurse–Parent Partnership in Pediatric Settings: A Scoping Review
  Hye-yoon Bae, Haeryun Cho
  Journal of Korean Maternal and Child Health.2026; 30(3): 121.     CrossRef

Purpose
Nursing students are susceptible to medication safety incidents in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) related to a lack of communication experience. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of a NICU medication safety simulation (NMSS) focusing on communication clarity, patient hand-off confidence, and patient safety competency in senior-year nursing students.
Methods
The study utilized a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. In total, 60 nursing students were assigned to two groups. The experimental group participated in the NMSS, which included three medication error scenarios. Pairs of students completed the scenarios together in 10 to 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test, independent t test, and ANCOVA.
Results
The experimental group showed significant improvements in communication clarity (p=.015), and patient safety competency (p<.001) compared to the control group. Using the pretest values as covariates, patient hand-off confidence scores significantly increased (p=.027).
Conclusion
Implementing the NMSS focusing on communication in the pediatric nursing curriculum helped students to communicate clearly and concisely about medication errors, and its use is recommended to promote patient safety competency in the NICU.

Citations

• Reducing medication errors and near misses in an associate degree nursing program
  Leslie Catalano, Marilyn A. Prasun
  Teaching and Learning in Nursing.2026; 21(2): 191.     CrossRef
• Proactive Nursing for Medication Safety: An Interpretative Phenomenological Study of Neonatal Intensive Care Nurses' Experiences of Initiating Medication Queries
  Osama Mohamed Elsayed Ramadan, Nadia Bassuoni Elsharkawy
  Nursing in Critical Care.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Medication safety simulation training for anesthesia professionals
  Sarah Rollison, Anne M. Sauri, Ramon L. Medina, Darlena G. Jones, Wuraola Olawole, Virginia C. Simmons
  Clinical Simulation in Nursing.2025; 98: 101660.     CrossRef
• The effect of web-based double-eye control program on the prevention of pediatric medication errors of nursing students: A quasi-experimental study
  Beste Özgüven Öztornaci, Atiye Karakul, Esra Ardahan Akgül, Pinar Doğan, Hatice Yildirim Sari, Zümrüt Başbakkal
  Medicine.2025; 104(49): e46222.     CrossRef
• Development of a Patient Safety Simulation Program for New Nurses in the Intensive Care Unit
  Su Jin Jung, Jin-Hee Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2024; 31(1): 100.     CrossRef
• Development and Effectiveness of Progressive Simulation Education Program on Medication Safety for Nursing Students
  Se-Young Jung, Eun-Young Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(4): 563.     CrossRef
• Effect of Team-based Simulation Training on Nursing Students' Patient Safety Competence and Performance Confidence
  Min-Jeong Chae, Hyo-Ju Jeong
  Journal of Digital Contents Society.2024; 25(11): 3449.     CrossRef
• Simulation-based training program on patient safety management: A quasi-experimental study among new intensive care unit nurses
  Su Jin Jung, Ju-Eun Song, Sun Hyoung Bae, Youngjin Lee, Seok Hyun Gwon, Jin-Hee Park
  Nurse Education Today.2023; 126: 105823.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of studies on interventions for the prevention of safety accidents involving infants.
Methods
The scoping review method by Arksey and O'Malley was used to conduct an overview based on information spanning a wide range of fields. Multiple electronic databases, PubMed, CINAHL, RISS, and KISS, were searched for articles written in English or Korean published from 2012 to the present on safety accident prevention interventions. A total of 2,137 papers were found, and 20 papers were ultimately analyzed.
Results
Most studies were conducted in the United States (55.0%) and in the medical field (45.0%), and most were experimental studies (35.0%). The results were organized across five categories: 1) preventive precautions, 2) characteristics of children's developmental stages, 3) encouraging voluntary participation, 4) continuity of interventions, and 5) teaching methods.
Conclusion
Safety accident prevention interventions should cover the establishment of a safe home environment, include voluntary participation, and provide routine follow-up interventions. Additionally, practical training and teaching methods that incorporate feedback rather than a lectureoriented approach should be adopted.

Citations

• Infant Home Safety Programs for Parents to Prevent Injuries: A Systematic Review
  Mi Hye Kim, Mi-Seon Kim, SunHwa Park
  Home Health Care Management & Practice.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Risk Factors of Home Accidents Among Children Under Five Years of Age in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
  Fahad Alamr, Hadeel Mohammed A Alzahrani, Ahmed Mohammed A Alghamdi , Abdulrhman Saleh A Alzhrani, Feras Atiyah A Alzahrani, Lama Mohammad A Alkhediwi, Mohammed Ahmed A Alghamdi, Meelaf Ali M Alhomrani , Omer M Aburaida
  Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
Preventing missed care is important in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) due to neonates’ vulnerabilities. This study examined missed care and its influencing factors among NICU nurses.
Methods
Missed care among 120 Korean NICU nurses was measured using a cross-culturally adapted online questionnaire. The frequency of missed care for 32 nursing activities and the significance of 23 reasons for missed care were collected.
Results
All participants had missed at least 1 activity, missing on average 19.35 activities during a typical work-day. The most common missed item was “provide developmental care for the baby”. The most common reason for missed care was “emergency within the unit or deterioration of one of the assigned patients”. The final regression model explained 9.6% of variance in missed care. The average daily number of assigned patients receiving inotropes or sedation over the last month influenced the total number of missed care items.
Conclusion
Missed care was affected by nurses’ workload related to the number of patients taking medication. Frequently missed activities, especially those related to developmental care, require patience and time, conflicting with safety prioritization and inadequate working conditions. NICU nurses’ working conditions should be improved to ensure adequate time for nursing activities.

Citations

• Status Quo and Real Experience of Missed Nursing Care in ICUs: A Scoping Review
  Runfang Guo, Yiling Li, Jie Jing, Qin Yang, Hejia Wan, Wanwan Qiao
  Nursing in Critical Care.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A mixed-methods systematic review of factors affecting missed nursing care in intensive care
  Huimiao Jing, Xue Bai, Weiguang Wen, Ni Yang, Jie Zhai, Yingli Gao
  Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2026; 93: 104344.     CrossRef
• Altruism and Missed Nursing Care Among Intensive Care Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study
  Sümeyye Akçoban, Betül Tosun
  Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Unfinished Nursing Care and Its Reasons in Neonatal Intensive Care
  Mirco Zannier, Stefania Chiappinotto, Luca Grassetti, Gaia Dussi, Alvisa Palese
  Advances in Neonatal Care.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Missed Nursing Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units for Infants Experiencing or at Risk of Experiencing Substance Withdrawal
  Sooyoung Kim, Adam C. Carle, Rita Pickler, Jin Jun, Heather L. Tubbs‐Cooley
  Research in Nursing & Health.2026; 49(5): 668.     CrossRef
• Missed Nursing Care in Pandemic Crisis of COVID-19: A Systematic Review
  Mahsa Pourshaban, Hadi Hasankhani, Atefeh Allahbakhshian, Sarieh Poortaghi
  Quality Management in Health Care.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Missed Nursing Care in Paediatric Surgical Settings in Türkiye: A Nationwide Cross‐Sectional Study
  Zeynep Yurdakul, Figen Işık Esenay
  International Journal of Nursing Practice.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Job satisfaction, work environment, and burnout as predictors of missed nursing care in pediatric units: A descriptive cross-sectional study
  Sinem Ozmen, Havva Arslan Yurumezoglu
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 81: e1.     CrossRef
• The effect of nursing workload and patient acuity on missed nursing care among NICU nurses in northern Jordan
  Raeda AbuAlRub, Nagham Abdullateef Mahmmoud, Heyam Fawaz Dalky, Abdullah Alkhawaldeh
  Journal of Neonatal Nursing.2025; 31(3): 101653.     CrossRef
• Missed nursing care and its causes and effects on moral distress in neonatal intensive care nurses
  Burcu Bakırlıoğlu, Bengü Çetinkaya, Rabia Nur Teki
  Nursing in Critical Care.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Missed care in neonatal intensive care unit: effect of electronic reminders
  Bahrami Fereshteh, Azizzadeh Forouzi Mansooreh, Nematollahi Monirsadat, Kalisch Beatrice, Bagherian Behnaz
  BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nurses experiences with an intervention enhancing skill-mix in Kenyan neonatal units with severe workforce deficits: A qualitative study
  Nancy Odinga, Caroline Waithira, Justinah Maluni, Gloria Ngaiza, Vincent Kagonya, Onesmus Onyango, Abdulazeez Imam, David Gathara, Michuki Maina, Kenneth Karumba, Fred Were, Sebastian Fuller, Mike English, Edna Mutua, Sassy Molyneux, Caroline Jones, Dorot
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2025; 171: 105202.     CrossRef
• Pediatri kliniklerinde çalışan hemşirelerin karşılayamadıkları bakım gereksinimlerinin incelenmesi
  Ayşe Zişan Olcay, Rana Yiğit
  Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2025; 18(2): 132.     CrossRef
• Fading connections: A phenomenological study of oncology nurses’ experiences of Missed Nursing Care during an infectious disease outbreak
  Mahsa Pourshaban, Atefeh Allahbakhshian, Hadi Hasankhani, Federica Canzan,
  PLOS One.2025; 20(11): e0336174.     CrossRef
• The relationship between resilience and missed nursing care in neonatal intensive care units: a cross-sectional study in Iran
  Fatemeh Khoshnavay Fomani, Mahdie Pasha Zanoosi, Mohammad Mehdi Rajabi
  BMC Research Notes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mapping the Contributing Factors to Missed Nursing Care in Hospital Settings During a Global Health Crisis: A Systematic Scoping Review
  Mahsa Pourshaban, Atefeh Allahbakhshian, Majid Purabdollah, Jacopo Fiorini
  Journal of Nursing Management.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Pediatrik ve Yenidoğan Birimlerde Karşılanmamış Hemşirelik Bakımı: Kapsamlı Bir Literatür Derleme
  Sinem Özmen, Havva Arslan Yürümezoğlu
  İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri F.2024; 9(2): 281.     CrossRef
• Title Missed Nursing Care and Its Associated Factors: An Integrative Review
  Mohammad Yeganeh, Fatemeh Salmani
  Medical-Surgical Nursing Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Investigating the Quality of Nursing Records and its Relationship to Missed Care by Neonatal Intensive Care Nurses
  L Hajtaghi, M Arshadi, M Rahkar Farshi
  Journal of Health and Care.2024; 25(3): 279.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of missed nursing care in neonatal intensive care units: A cross-sectional study
  Dominika Kohanová, Branislav Malý, Daniela Bartoníčková, Katarína Žiaková
  Journal of Neonatal Nursing.2023; 29(5): 791.     CrossRef
• Qualitative evaluation of missed nursing care in neonatal intensive care units in a teaching hospital in Jordan
  Rania Ali Albsoul, Muhammad Ahmed Alshyyab, Rana Yaser Albayyari, Dana Hani Alselaibi, Salsabil Awni Flefil, Laila Hussam Jardaneh, Sohayla Yaseen Fayiz Dababseh, Baraa Ayed Al Odat, Fatima Abdulsattar Alkubaisi, Majd Hussein AlKhawaldeh, Gerard FitzGeral
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2023; 73: e277.     CrossRef
• Exploring Missed Nursing Care in the NICU: Perspectives of NICU Nurses in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Health Cluster
  Nasreen Alsalem, Fatima Abu Rashid, Saleh Aljarudi, Mohammed I. Al Bazroun, Roqayah Mirza Almatrouk, Fatimah M. Alharbi, Lames Al Mansour, Nahid Baker Abuzaid
  Pediatric Reports.2023; 15(4): 571.     CrossRef

Purpose
Study purpose was to describe the child safety injury experiences, injury prevention behaviors and educational needs of immigrant Vietnamese women on Jeju Island, and to explore associations among those factors.
Methods
A descriptive correlational study was conducted using structured questionnaires to collect data from immigrant Vietnamese women who visited a multicultural centers on Jeju Island from January to April, 2017.
Results
Data from 60 women were analyzed. They were 28.2±5.5 years old, had resided in Korea for 40.6±31.1 months, and had 1.5±0.6 children on average. In total, 51.7% had previous injury prevention education, 68.2% had experienced child safety injuries, and 95.0% wanted to receive education on how to prevent child safety injuries. The mean total score of child injury prevention behaviors was 27.33±17.79, and that variable was associated with a longer duration of formal education (t=2.41, p=.021) and with women’s experiences of child safety injury (t=5.97, p<.001).
Conclusion
Immigrant Vietnamese women experienced a higher frequency of child safety injuries and needed educational opportunities to prevent these injuries. Further research is necessary to develop the essential content and effective methods for education on child safety injury prevention among this unique multicultural population.

Citations

• A Phenomenological Study on Vietnamese Immigrant Mothers Married to Koreans’ Parenting Experience in Preventing Infant Accidents and Injuries
  Mi-Seon Kim, Mi Hye Kim, Sunhwa Park
  Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2025; 36: 99.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop content for safety education to prevent hospital safety accidents among hospitalized children and to investigate the status of safety education performed by nurses.
Methods
First, the Delphi method was used, with 18 experts, to develop educational contents for preventing safety accidents. Second, an exploratory survey was performed of the actual status of safety education for preventing safety accidents among hospitalized children using a questionnaire developed based on the Delphi method. The participants of this study were 159 nurses with at least 6 months of work experience.
Results
The educational content developed through the Delphi method for preventing safety accidents among hospitalized children contained seven domains (falls, injury, electric shocks/burns, suffocation/aspiration, poisoning/abuse, kidnapping, medical devices) with 44 topics. The item mean of nurses'perceptions of the importance of child safety education was 4.18, and the actual performance score was 3.72, which was a statistically significant difference (t=11.58, p<.001).
Conclusion
These seven comprehensive domains of accident prevention education for hospitalized children are expected to be useful for interventions to support the safety of hospitalized children.

Citations

• Virtual reality education for preventing safety incidents in pediatric hospital settings: Quasi-experimental design pre-post-testing
  Raim Hyeon, Won-Oak Oh
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 80: 56.     CrossRef
• Nurses’ Experiences from Patient Safety Incidents of Hospitalized Children: A Qualitative Study
  Haeyoung Lee, Yujeong Kim, Pablo Roman
  Journal of Nursing Management.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The current situation of information literacy education and curriculum design in Pakistan: a discovery using Delphi method
  Syeda Hina Batool, Ata ur Rehman, Imran Sulehri
  Library Hi Tech.2022; 40(6): 1705.     CrossRef
• The Hospital Safety Scale for Kids: Development of a new measurement tool for hospitalized children
  Won-Oak Oh, Daejin Song, Jihee Han, Mi Youn Park, Il Tae Park
  Journal of Child Health Care.2021; 25(1): 146.     CrossRef
• An Educational Intervention to Improve Staff Collaboration and Enhance Knowledge of Fall Risk Factors and Prevention Guidelines
  Kimberly A. DiGerolamo, Mei Lin Chen-Lim
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2021; 57: 43.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of mHealth–Safe Kids Hospital for the prevention of hospitalized children safety incidents: A randomized controlled trial
  Il Tae Park, Won‐Oak Oh, Gwang‐Cheon Jang, Jihee Han
  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2021; 53(5): 623.     CrossRef
• Development and Effects of a Mobile Application for Safety Incident Prevention among Hospitalized Korean Children: A pilot Study of Feasibility and Acceptability
  Jihee Han, Won-Oak Oh, Il Tae Park, Anna Lee
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2020; 51: e69.     CrossRef
• Developing a conceptual model of pediatric inpatient safety accidents: A mixed methods approach
  Won‐Oak Oh, EunJoo Kim, YeoJin Im, Jihee Han, Mirim Kim
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2020; 22(3): 777.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect nursing students’ perception of pediatric safety nursing activities for children during hospitalization.
Methods
The study sample included 304 nursing students who had participated in pediatric nursing practice. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 program.
Results
Regression analysis showed that the model’s explanatory power was 37%. Safety policy and procedure, safety priority, disaster experience, and knowing a place of refuge were factors affecting the perception of safety nursing activities for children during hospitalization.
Conclusion
Findings show that safety policy and procedures and safety priority are major factors that affect the perception of safety nursing activities and indicate that effective education programs on safety policy and procedure and safety priority are necessary to improve the perception of safety nursing activities.

Citations

• The influencing factors of pediatric nurses’ perception of patient safety culture and partnership with patients’ parents on patient safety nursing activities in South Korea: a descriptive study
  Seo Jin Lee, Young Ran Han
  Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(4): 255.     CrossRef
• A structural equation model for the patient safety competency of clinical nurses
  Jung-hyun Choi, KyoungEun Kim
  PeerJ.2024; 12: e18462.     CrossRef
• Development of Educational Content for Nurses to Prevent Safety Accidents of Hospitalized Children: Delphi Approach
  Yun Sil Lee, Won-Oak Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(1): 74.     CrossRef
• Patient Safety Care Activity in Small-Medium Sized Hospital Nurses Patient Safety Care Activity among Nurses in Small-Medium Sized General Hospitals
  Yuna Paik, Youngji Kim
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2018; 21(1): 51.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate parents’ perception and behaviors in the case of a child safety accident.
Methods
The participants were 254 parents of children under 12 years old. Data were collected from October 12 to November 25, 2016 using self-report questionnaire.
Results
The mean score for parental perception and behaviors showed a high score of 3.12±0.30. In addition, the top three categories were drug management (3.45±0.54), prevention of burns (3.34±0.52), and vehicle safety (3.34±0.44). The overall difference in categories of perception and behaviors about child safety accidents according to demographic characteristics of participants, was developmental age (F=5.616, p=.004). Most of the categories had significant correlation with other categories.
Conclusion
Findings in this study show parental perception and behaviors were relatively high. It is recommended that safety education for parents should be done for a healthy life for their children.

Citations

• Cognition and agency-based methods to improve children’s road-hazard perception ability during visually occluded road crossing
  Zhongxiang Feng, Xiuwei Zhang, Canhui Chu, Jing Liu, Zhipeng Huang, Tao Gu, Rui Xue
  Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology.2025; 109: 299.     CrossRef
• Parents' Experience with Infant Safety Accidents and Needs of Safety Education: Content Analysis
  Soo-Yeon Han, Sun-Mi Chae
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2022; 26(2): 61.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of mHealth–Safe Kids Hospital for the prevention of hospitalized children safety incidents: A randomized controlled trial
  Il Tae Park, Won‐Oak Oh, Gwang‐Cheon Jang, Jihee Han
  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2021; 53(5): 623.     CrossRef
• Developing and Evaluating a Mobile-based Parental Education Program for Preventing Unintentional Injuries in Early Childhood: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Younglee Choi, Hye Young Ahn
  Asian Nursing Research.2021; 15(5): 329.     CrossRef
• The effect of medically-attended injury experience on the use of home safety equipment
  Ingyu Jeong, Si Young Jung, Joohyun Suh, Ki Ok Ahn, Jung Ah Bae
  Pediatric Emergency Medicine Journal.2020; 7(2): 114.     CrossRef
• Child Safety Injury Experiences, Prevention Behaviors and Educational Needs among Immigrant Vietnamese Women on Jeju Island
  Yun-Mi Cho, Sang-Gu Lee, Jung-Woo Kim, Na-Rae Kang, Min Sohn
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 367.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the effects of a safety education injury prevention program in elementary school students.
METHODS
To develop the safety education program, Dick & Carey's teaching model and Keller's ARCS theory were applied. A safety education programs was developed for lower grade students (1st-3rd) and for higher grade students (4th-6th). To evaluate the effect of the safety education program, a pre-post test questionnaire was used with experimental and control groups. The participants were 238 (119 in the experimental group, 119 in the control group) lower (3th) grade and 296 (148 in the experimental group, 148 in the control group) higher (5th) grade elementary school students. For students in each experimental group, safety education was provided for 40 min once a week for 10 weeks.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in the level of injury prevention knowledge, attitude, and practice between the experimental group and control group in both the lower and higher grade elementary students.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that safety education is an effective nursing intervention to improve injury prevention knowledge, attitude, and practice in elementary school students.

Citations

• Development and exploratory testing of a school‐based educational program for healthy life behaviors among fifth grade children in South Korea
  Shin‐Jeong Kim, Seong‐Sook Baek, Kyung‐Ah Kang
  Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2017; 14(1): 13.     CrossRef
• Effects of Healthy Life Practice Education on Reported Health Behaviors Among Fourth-Grade Elementary School Students in South Korea
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Haeryun Cho, Seong-Sook Baek
  The Journal of School Nursing.2016; 32(6): 397.     CrossRef
• School Adaptation Program for School-Age Children with Emotional and Behavioral Problems
  Haeryun Cho, Shin-Jeong Kim, Myung Soon Kwon, Jina Oh, Woojae Han
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 141.     CrossRef
• A Structural Model for the Practice of Life Safety Behavior in School-age Children
  Myung-Ock Chae
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(2): 119.     CrossRef
• Development and effect of elementary school upper-grade safety health education program
  Hyun-Min Jung, Hyo-Cheol Lee
  The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services.2013; 17(3): 149.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a guide book on safety education for teachers to use in education classes for elementary school students.
METHODS
Dick & Carey's teaching model and Keller's ARCS theory were used in the development of this guide book.
RESULTS
This guide book was developed for lower grade (1st~3rd) and higher grade (4th~6th) elementary school students. The content consisted of subjects, worksheets, content for teachers, statistical data, case studies, and a safety letter to the parents. The 10 subjects were as follows: Importance of injury prevention, Safety at home, Accident prevention at school, Violence prevention, Vehicles safety, Water safety, Prevention of Fires & Burns, Safety of Toys & home supplies, Safety in Sports & Recreation activity,Prevention of injury caused by animals. Statistical data was presented by graphs and case studies were presented of cases of real occurrences of accidents. Worksheets contain various activities for students. Safety letters were composed for each student's parents.
CONCLUSION
This guide book presents effective material for safety education classes in elementary school and the authors hope it will be widely used in elementary schools.

Citations

• Development and Evaluation of a Safety Education Program for Injury Prevention in Elementary School Students
  Shin-Jeong Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2010; 16(1): 20.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an education program on child health and safety for teachers in child daycare centers.
METHOD
Using a nonequivalent one group pretest-posttest design, 41 day care staff(N=41) from 12 day care centers in Seoul and D-gun in Chung-Nam were assigned to experimental group. A program that is appropriate for preventing injuries and protecting the health of young children at child daycare centers was developed. Health and safety education program was provided for the intervention group for 2 weeks two times.
RESULTS
After education session, the mean score of knowledge, self confidence, practice on safety and health in child care teachers were significantly increased. There were significant differences in the degree of knowledge according to education, and in the degree of practice according to age.
CONCLUSIONS
The education program for child care teachers was effective in promoting knowledge, self confidence and practice on child health and safety. The results suggest that health and safety education program should be provided systematically and continuously for child care teachers.

Citations

• Influencing factors of early childhood teachers’ disaster preparedness
  Young-Ran Lee, Sun-Nam Park, Mi-Ran Lee, Eunjeong Nam
  Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• study on the knowledge and educational needs of infant oral health in childcare teachers
  
  Journal of Korean Society of Dental Hygiene.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Survey of Smartphone-Based Health Education Needs for Parents
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Jung Min Lee, Hye Young Min
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 346.     CrossRef
• Development of an Ecological Model to Improve Health Care Management for Children in Child Care Centers.
  Eun Sook Park, Yeo Jin Im, Eun Ji Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 59.     CrossRef
• Health Issues and Management for Children with Disabilities attending Daycare Centers
  Ji-Soo Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(3): 127.     CrossRef
• Effects of Case-based Small Group Learning about Care of Infected Children for Daycare Center Teachers
  Eun Ju Choi, Seon Young Hwang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(6): 771.     CrossRef
• A Survey on the Use of Visiting Nurses in Child Day Care Centers
  Soon Ok Yang, Shin-Jeong Kim, Myung Soon Kwon, Seung-Hee Lee, Sung-Hee Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2011; 22(2): 87.     CrossRef
• Perception of Child Day Care Center Teachers on Issues and Needs in Child Health Management
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Jung-Eun Lee, Soon-Ok Yang, Kyung-Ah Kang, Eun Yong Chang, Kyung-Sook Oh, Won-Kyung Seo, Seung-Hee Lee, Sung-Hee Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(1): 10.     CrossRef
• Development and Effect of a Web-based Child Health Care Program for the Staff at Child Daycare Centers
  Ji Soo Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(2): 213.     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of a Combined Health Promotion Program for Preschool Children
  Na Young Choi, Mi Yang Jeon, Hyun Mi Seo, Jeong Won Seok, Mi Seon Kim, Hyeon Cheol Jeong
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2010; 16(4): 314.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an education program promoting safety knowledge and safety practice for mothers with infants.
METHOD
This education was provided at two public health centers in Kyunggi Province. A non-equivalent control group pretest-post test design was used, and the participants were 95 mothers in the experimental group, and 44 mothers in the control group. Data were collected using a questionnaire, and were analyzed with the SPSS program.
RESULTS
After the group education sessions on safety management at the public health centers, the mean scores for knowledge and practice of safety in the experimental group were significantly higher than that of mothers in the control group mothers. Also, after the safety education, mothers in the experimental group perceived a higher priority in safety in child care than they had before the education program.
CONCLUSION
The education for mothers with infants regarding the child safety was effective in promoting knowledge and practice of safety for infants.

PURPOSE
To investigate the attitude, knowledge, and practice of safety and related factors of teachers in child care centers.
METHODS
The total sample consisted of 116 teachers from child care centers in Kyunggi Province. A questionnaire and checklist were used to collect data, which was analyzed with SPSS 11.5 Win program.
RESULTS
Most of the teachers were anxious about child accidents, and thought of safety as a primary concern. The mean score for knowledge on safety was 10.23, and the rate of correct answers ranged from 34.8% to 98.3%. The mean score on practice of safety was 42.01. Teachers with higher education showed significantly higher scores in safety efficacy. Teacher's knowledge on safety was significantly different depending on the experience of safety education, but this did not apply to safety practice. Safety practice was significantly related to confidence in safety performance, health beliefs on safety, stress, and social support, but not related to knowledge of safety.
CONCLUSION
Psychosocial factors were found to be important in safety practice. Related factors found in this study should be considered when providing safety programs for child care centers.

PURPOSE
This study aimed at not only suggest some ideas useful in planning and doing the safety education in the elementary schools in the near future putting into test the safety education proposal which has been developed by researchers in accordance with the national 7st education courses but also improve health of the children through taking right safety knowledge and sound safety attitude.
METHOD
For this study 140 student are selected from 3-5th grade of the elementary school in Kyoungki-Do and Kwangwon-Do and have been taught the safety education during 10weeks, 10times.
RESULT
1) After the safety education, knowledge about the injury prevention of the children show to be significantly different from that they had before(t=-9.156, p=.000). 2) In order to look into any effect of the attitude about injury prevention after the safety education there were significant difference(t=-3.755, p=.000).CONCLUSION: As the findings of the study indicating that safety education expand the correct knowledge about injury prevention and have more affirmative and sound attitude about injury prevention. So it may be concluded that, safety education have the positive effect both knowledge and attitude about injury prevention among elementary school children.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to suggest direction and strategy of safety education proper to elementary school children.
METHOD
The subject of this survey consisted of 313 3rd-5th grade from 4 elementary schools in Kyungi-Do and Kwangwon-Do. Data were collected from March to May, 2002 using a questionnaire about "safety education needs", "knowledge about injury prevention", "attitude about injury prevention.
RESULT
1. The degree of safety education needs showed averaged 77.50 on the basis of 100 points. 2. The degree of knowledge and attitude about injury prevention showed averaged 72.81 and 81.74 seperately on the basis of 100 points. 3. With the respect to the demographic characteristics, there were stastically significant differences in safety education need according to children's grade(F=8.692, p=.003), sex(t=-2.059, p=.040), family type(t=-2.229, p=.027) and in knowledge & attitude about injury prevention, there statiscally significant difference according to experience of injury prevention education(t=3.058, p=.003; t=5.308, p=.000) each. 4. The level of safety education needs is correlated at signficant level with knowledge and attitude about injury prevention of childrens(r=.166, p=.048; r=.265, p=.001) and between knowledge and attitude about injury prevention, there was significant correlation (r=.427, p=.000).
CONCLUSION
From this results, nurses can plan safety education program appropriate to children's needs, level of knowledge and attitude about injury prevention.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to develop safety education program to prevent child accident and to improve the health of children by providing a safe environment. This program provide parents and children with information on how to prevent children from accident. Children especially can learn specific methods to avoid accident both at home, school and outside the home through safety education, which is based on problem solving.
METHOD
This program was developed based on literature reviews, surveys and negotiation process. School aged children, parents, and teachers were interviewed to identify their educational needs based on their experiences related to child accident. During the 7th Annual Conference of Educational Courses in 1999, the Korean Educational Ministry examined the feasibility and compatibility of integrating the program into the current educational curriculum.
RESULT
This program includes useful subjects such as safety education, preventive strategies, crisis management, guide for parent and teacher, resource persons, internet site and phone numbers of available hospital. Counseling is provided by researcher if needed.
CONCLUSION
This program could be adequately utilized for prevention of child accident and creation of preventive strategies. It will also suggest an intervention strategy for injured children.

Accidents are important causes of death and disability in children. They also have enormous financial implications. Young children become an victim of accidents easily because of their physical fragileness and their coping behavior being vulnerable to any actions taken by accidents. Once they have a accident, the children whose not fully developed, suffer from devastating long-term after-effects. Lee, Lee, Kang and Han(1995) reported that ninety percent of accidents can be prevented. But there is no national system to manage, evaluate and analyse the information about child accidents, even though it is necessary for accident prevention policies and health promotion of the general public. The purpose of the study was to determine how often children have accidents and define the accident prevention strategies in children. The investigator conducted a descriptive study by performing the surveys, interviews, and workshops for the 2,458 young children, 10 teachers, and 1,494 parents. The data collection for the study began on September 2000 and completed on April 20, 2001. The analysis of the data was done with Window SPSS 10.0 for descriptive statistics. Among those children, 1,298 children(52.8%) injured from accidents. The children who had accident answered that they injured from traffic accident(27.3%), inside the home(26.3%), on the playground(17.0%), during playtime(13.6%), in the school(5.9%) and food poisoning(7.1%). To define accident prevention strategies for the school children, the parents and the teachers who had a special interest in this topic formed a special task force under the guidance of the investigator. The team was charged to prepare the basis of content materials by identifying the problems, setting standards for the program, prioritizing the process, and selecting the methods of implementation and evaluation. Eight issues and concerns identified by the team were: 1)allowing young children to learn undesirable habits and behaviors that would bother others without knowing; 2) not guarding young children from car accident; 3)unattended accident at playground; 4) considering home places safe; 5)unattended accident at school. These issues were found to be coinciding with the actual child accident cases occurred recent years in Korea. Greater efforts are required to reduce unnecessary deaths and disability from childhood accidents. This study gave a very useful and important data to prepare accident prevention educational program and to prepare accident prevention strategies.

This study was conducted to obtain a basic information related to a more systematic safety education and measures against children's accidents by a descriptive survey with regard to accidents actually experienced by elementary schoolers, their perceived safety education activities and school facilities to their safety lives. The data was collected among 1,654 pupils, belonging to the 5th and 6th grades in Pusan from Nov. 20 to Dec. 1, 2000. The data was analyzed using SPSSWIN(7.5). The results were as follows ; 1. According to the perception by elementary schoolers, they received safety life instruction at school in most cases from teachers in charge of their own class (41.0%). Such safety education was provided often during formal classes(24.4%). Traffic guidance was given by parents, highest in frequency(67.3%). 2. Matters as most often treated during safety life instruction were safety knowledge or dangerous things(37.5%). A majority of notices of school safety instruction were presented sometimes(48.4%). Source of knowledge about safety lives included teacher (35.3%), parents(32.9%), TV and newspaper (29.9%). As a source of knowledge of emergency treatment, school nurses were accounted for 41.3% that was highest. 3.Among the 1,654 students, 91.8% experienced at least more than one case of safety accident. The most frequent type and cause of safety accident were wound(33.7%). and self-carelessness(38.4%) respectively. In most cases, the subject experienced such accident during a break time(32.2%) and at a playgrounds. Part of body as most often damaged by accidents were arms and legs, 25.4% higher than any other sides problem solving measures against the accident were taken by school nurse in most cases, 44.8% in percentage point. 4. Those students' perceived safety management of school facilities showed that they considered classroom facilities as most safe (61.6%), while playground facilities as least safe(42.8%). They also responded that the treatment of glass fragments or stones at playground is the most important item of safety management.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of accident and visiting emergency center, and the experiences of education about emergency care for parents. The subjects of this study were 117 mothers whose children are attending 9 different nursery schools or kindergartens. The instrument used in this study was developed by researchers and validated by nursing professor, first aid doctor and the president of nursery school, and consisted of 'most important thing in child rearing' ,'experiences of accident and visiting emergency center', 'type of trauma' and 'need for parent education program' the result of this study were as followed ; 1.There were 70.09% of the experience of visiting emergency center among the subjects. The cause of visiting emergency center were high fever and convulsion (42.86%), and trauma by accident (28.04%) 2. The most common type of the indoor accident were fall down and slipping(76.92%), the common type of trauma were contusion (76.92%), abrasion (47.01%), laceration (29.06%), dislocation or fracture (12.82%), burn (10.26%), piercing (8.55%). 3.47.01% of subjects had the experience of education about emergency care for parents. They were educated by child rearing journals (32.72%), small books which were published by hospitals or community health center (25.45%), mass media(21.8%), parent seminar (12.72%), nursery school or kindergarten (5.45%). In conclusion, the need of emergency care for children was strongly found. Therefore, on the basis of above results, the parent education program which fits their cognitive level and their health care needs So, it must be directed on the further study of parents' knowledge about emergency care for children. To enhance the effectiveness of program and accomplish the children's health promotion, advanced instructional media and demonstration must be included.

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of safety education program in preschool children for accident prevention and improve their health through more systematic method. Data were collected from 584 preschoolers(247 preschooler are assigned to experimental group and 337 preschoolers are assinged to control group) from 4 to 6 years old using APP paper test which consists of questions and drawings. To experimental group, safety education were done 4 times within the time of 30 minutes per 1 time using education books, drawings, OHP. The findings of this study are as follows: 1.There were significant difference in movement( X2=18.732, p=.0000), behavioral character( X2=27.785, p=.000), synthetic judgement( X2=12.02, p=0.002). So, safety education program have effect on preschooler. 2.In the accident proneness on preschooler between experimental group and control group according to general characteristics, it proved significant difference in the case of accident prevention education were done, reasoning power( X2=10.48, p=.005), movement speed( X2=7.341, p=.025) and behavioral character( X2=18.86, p=.000), in the case of housing pattern is private house(individual house, yard?), reasoning power( X2=6.683, p=.035), movement speed( X2=12.76, p= .002) and behavioral character( X2=12.24, p=.002), in the case of housing pattern is mixed-type, movement speed( X2=6.935, p= .031) and behavioral character( X2=10.816, p=.004), in the case of housing pattern is over six stories, movement speed( X2=7.543, p=.023), in the case of subjects' age is 4 years old, movement speed( X2=16.5, p= .000) and behavioral character( X2=12.18, p=.002), in the case of subjects' age is 5 years old, movement speed( X2=7.519, p= .023), watchfulness( X2=6.372, p=.041), behavioral character( X2=14.74, p=0.001) and synthetic judgement( X2=14.5, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is male, life safety( X2=6.406, p=.041), movment speed( X2=22.86, p= .000), behavioral character( X2=13.72, p= .001) and synthetic judgement( X2=13.82, p=.001), in the case of subjects' sex is female, reasoning power( X2=12.57, p=.002) and behavioral character( X2=13.16, p= .001), in the case of childrens have past accidental experience, traffic safety( X2= 6.683, p=.035), in the case of childrens have no past accidental experience, reasoning power( X2=8.384, p=.015), movement speed( X2=20.6, p=.000), behavioral character( X2 =25.1, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2 =10.79, p=.005), in the case of children's order is first, reasoning power( X2=11.15, p=.004), movement speed( X2=11.92, p= .003) and behavioral character( X2=7.003, p=.030), in the case of children's order is second, movement speed( X2=6.694, p= .035), behavioral character( X2=26.9, p= .000) and synthetic judgement( X2=14.3, p= .001), in the case of nuclear family, reasoning power( X2=8.777, p=.012), movement speed( X2=19.0, p=.000), behavioral character ( X2=26.4, p=0.000) and synthetic judgement ( X2=9.999, p=.007), in the case of mothers' school career is under high school graduate, life safety( X2=8.023, p=.018), movement speed( X2=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character( X2=6.777, p=.034), in the case of mothers' school career is beyond college graduate, reasoning power( X2=6.717, p= .035), movement speed( X2=8.963, p=.011), behavioral character( X2=25.03, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2=15.19, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 31-34, movement speed( X2=12.29, p=.002) and behavioral character( X2=14.17, p=.001), in the case of mothers' age ranged 35-39, movement speed( X2=9.859, p=.007), behavioral character( X2=9.095, p=.011) and synthetic judgement( X2=7.810, p=.020), in the case of mothers' age is over 40, life safety( X2 =5.593, p=.025), in the case of mothers' job is full-time, traffic safety( X2=6.032, p=.049) and reasoning power( X2=8.502, p= .014), in the case of mothers' job is part- time., movement speed( X2=10.99, p=.004) and behavioral character( X2=7.895, p= .019), in the case of mothers have no job, movement speed( X2=6.410, p=.041), movement stability( X2=6.879, p=.032), behavioral character( X2=27.72, p=.000) and synthetic judgement( X2=18.11, p=.000). The difference of accident proneness between experimental group and control group according to general characterists, it also showed that there were significant difference in behaviorl character compared to other area.. From this findings, we can guess that safety education program change and guide preschoolers' behavioral character to desirable direction.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on preschool children for accident prevention and improve their health through sound, safe living enviornment with safety education estabilished through more systematic method. Data were collected from 300 preschoolers(150 preschooler are assigned to experimental group and 150 preschoolers are assinged to control group) from 4 to 6 years old using APP paper test which consists of questions and drawings. To experimental group, safety education were done 4 times within the time of 30 minutes per 1 time using education books, video, OHP, slide. The findings of this study are as follows: 1.There were significant difference in behavioral character between experimental group and control group( chi 2=11.690, p= 0.003). So, safety education have effect on the behavioral character of preschooler. 2. In the accident proneness on preschooler between experimental group and control group according to general characteristics, it proved significant difference in the case of accident prevention education were done, movement stability( chi 2=8.844, p=0.012) and behavioral character( chi 2=6.699, p=0.035), in the case of housing pattern is mixed-type, behavioral character( chi 2=10.37, p=0.006), in the case of subjects' age is 4 years old, watchfulness( chi 2=9.525, p=0.009), in the case of subjects' age is 5 years old, behavioral character( chi 2=7.324, p=0.026), in the case of children's order is second, behavioral character( chi 2=14.31, p=0.001), in the case of children's sex is boy, living safety( chi 2=7.981, p=0.018), movement speed ( chi 2=6.661, p=0.036), bihavioral character( chi 2=8.837, p=0.012), in the case of children's sex is girl, reasoning power( chi 2 =9.78, p=0.008), in the case of childrens have no past accidental experience, behavioral character( chi 2=9.862, p=0.007), in the case of nuclear family, movement speed( chi 2=6.341, p=0.042) and behavioral character( chi 2=9.326, p=0.009), in the case of mothers' age is under thirty behavioral character( chi 2=16.40, p=0.000), in the case of mothers' school career is under high school graduate, behavioral character( chi 2 =8.375, p=0.015), in the case of mothers' school career is beyond college graduate, reasoning power( chi 2=9.803, p=0.007) and behavioral character( chi 2=6.205, p=0.045), in the case of mothers' job is part time, movement speed( chi 2=10.99, p=0.004), in the case of mothers have no job, movement stability( chi 2=8.490, p=0.014) and behavioral character( chi 2=10.11, p=0.006). The difference of accident proneness between experimental group and control group according to general characterists, it also showed that there were significant difference in behaviorl character compared to other area.. From this findings, we can guess that safety education change and guide preschoolers' behavioral character to desirable direction.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a safety education program for elementary school students by comparing elementary school teachers and students on their demands for safety education.
METHOD
The data were collected from 1,754 1-6th grade elementary school students and 335 elementary school teachers (6 elementary schools) using self- report questionnaires.
RESULTS
1) The mean score for level of demand for safety education by elementary school teachers was 4.43 (+/-.44) and for students, 4.01(+/-.65). 2) There was a significant difference in the level of demand for safety education between the elementary school teachers and students (t=-14.46, p=.000). 3) There were significant differences in the level of demand for safety education according to teachers' gender (t=-4.36, p=.000), teachers' concern about a safe life (t=5.14, p=.000), teachers' perception of a safe life (t=3.08, p=.002), students' gender (t=-3.89, p=.000), students' grade (t=5.06, p=.000), students' concern about safe life (t=13.09, p=.000), students' safe life practices (t=11.64, p=.000), students' previous experience of safety education (t=2.02, p=.045), and students' recognition of the importance of safety education (F=67.31, p=.000).
CONCLUSION
To develop effective safety education programs for elementary school students, it is necessary to give precedence to demands and interest in safety education of the students.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of health and safety programs by examining child-care teacher's knowledge, self-confidence and practice concerning the health and safety of children under their care.
METHOD
The participants were 72 teachers from 15 child care centers in Seoul City and Chung-Nam Province. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS 12.0 Win program.
RESULTS
The mean score for self-confidence was lower than knowledge and practice. Self-confidence score about emergency care for falls, fractures and resuscitation were lowest. For safety knowledge, scores about facility and environment were lowest. For health knowledge, scores about disease and symptoms were lowest. For practice, scores about seat belts and safe furniture arrangement were lowest. Significant correlations were found between practice and self-confidence. There were significant differences in the degree of knowledge according to education, and in practice according to age.
CONCLUSIONS
Health and safety education programs for child care teachers are necessary for the promotion of knowledge, self-confidence and practice in health and safety. The results suggest that health and safety education program should be provided systematically and continuously for child care teachers.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the relationship between smoking, drinking and safety behavior in middle and high school students in one Korean province, North Cholla.
METHOD
The study sample included 1,327 randomly selected middle and high school students from S-Gun area in Chonbuk Province. The data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (2005). The data were analyzed using the SPSSWIN 15.0 program.
RESULTS
The smoking rate in the middle and high school students was 6.9%, and the drinking rate was 24.9%. The rate for seatbelt use was 49.3%, for drunk driving, 8.8%, and for riding in car driven by a drunk driver, 24.0%. The rates for seatbelt use, for drunk driving, and for riding in a drunk driver were higher in smokers and drinkers than in non-smokers and non-drinkers(p<.05).
CONCLUSION
The smoking and drinking status of the adolescents was correlated with their safety behavior practices as they relate to seatbelt use, drunk driving, and for riding in car driven by a drunk driver. Therefore, an elementary school level program to curb student smoking and alcohol consumption is needed to prevent smoking and alcohol consumption in middle and high school students and contribute to improvement in their safety behavior practices.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of school safety education for children to increase their safety behavior.
METHOD
The participants were 262 fourth graders enrolled in S elementary school located in Anyang city. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups. For the first experimental group, school safety education was provided for both children and parents. For the second experimental group, safety education was provided only for the children. For the control group, no treatment was given.
Result
The first experimental group showed the highest increment on the classroom safety activities score. The first experimental group also had the highest increment on the outside-the-classroom safety activities score. Further, the first experimental group showed the highest increment on the traffic safety activities score.
CONCLUSION
Safety education in the elementary school is very effective to ensure children are protected from school and traffic accidents. Also safety education can be more effective if safety related parent education programs are provided to parents. Therefore safety education should be provided systematically for both children and their parents to prevent childhood accidents.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between safety knowledge, health beliefs and self-efficacy in child care teachers.
METHOD
The participants were 394 teachers from child care centers in Seoul city. Data collection was done using a questionnaire that included a Safety Knowledge Test, Health Belief Scale and Self-efficacy Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. The SPSS 11.0 Win program was used for analysis.
RESULTS
The mean was 12.11 for safety knowledge, 38.31 for health belief, and 91.07 for self-efficacy. There were statistically significant differences in the degree of safety knowledge according to safety education, in the level of health beliefs according to length of service as a teacher and in the degree of self-efficacy according to age, and length of service as a teacher. There were statistically significant positive correlations between safety knowledge and health belief, and between safety knowledge and self-efficacy of child care teachers.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, programs to improve safety knowledge, health beliefs and self-efficacy of child care teachers should be developed and used to decrease the proportion of accidents involving children in Korea.

PURPOSE
This study was done to develop a Web Based Instruction (WBI) program on safety for sixth grade elementary school students and to test its effectiveness.
METHOD
The web site is http://www.safeschool.co.kr. The effects were tested from Mar 24, to Apr 30, 2003. The participants were 150 students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and chi square-test, t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA.
RESULTS
For knowledge of safety precautions, the preliminary test had a mean score of 17.8, the immediate post-test, 20.9 and the 4 week post-test, 20.9. There were statistically significant differences among the three time points. For attitude to safety precautions, the preliminary test mean was 75.1, the immediate post-test, 80.8 and the 4 week post-test, 80.4. For motivation to learn safety precautions, the scores were significantly higher for the WBI group. Knowledge, attitude and motivation for accident prevention in the WBI group lasted longer than in the group with textbook-based instruction.
CONCLUSION
A WBI program should be used in each class to provide more effective safety instruction.