Purpose In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of two distraction interventions—DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy—on pain relief in children undergoing intravenous infusions in the emergency department.
Methods A quasi-randomized controlled trial was conducted in children aged 4–6 years receiving intravenous infusions in a single emergency department. Participants were assigned to the DistrACTION Cards group (n=31), Buzzy group (n=30), or control group (n=31). Pain was assessed using the pulse rate, Faces Pain Rating Scale, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale.
Results Both distraction interventions significantly reduced observed pain (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scores) compared to that in the control group. The DistrACTION Cards group showed significantly lower pain scores than the control group during the procedure (p<.05) and demonstrated a consistent trend of pain reduction across all phases. Self-reported pain scores (Faces Pain Rating Scale) after the procedure were significantly lower in both intervention groups compared to those in the control group (p <.05); however, no significant differences were found in the extent of change between groups. No significant group differences were observed in pulse rate.
Conclusion Both DistrACTION Cards and Buzzy effectively reduced intravenous infusion-related pain in preschool children. DistrACTION Cards showed greater consistency than Buzzy in pain reduction as measured by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale, suggesting they may be considered as a preferred option in clinical practice. Further research in diverse clinical settings is needed to confirm these findings.
Purpose This study explored the threat and efficacy factors influencing children’s eye health behaviors using an Extended Parallel Process Model for parents of preschool children.
Methods Data were collected from October 30 to November 6, 2023, using a web-based survey. In total, 166 parents of preschool children participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses. Parents’ eye health knowledge, eye health threat factors (perceived severity and susceptibility), and eye health efficacy factors (self-efficacy and response efficacy) related to preschoolers were measured. Eye health behavior was assessed by observing the children’s behavior over the past week.
Results The eye health behaviors of preschool children were positively correlated with their parents’ eye health knowledge (r=.21, p=.006), perceived severity (r=.22, p=.004), response efficacy (r=.36, p<.001), and self-efficacy (r=.64, p<.001). Children’s eye health behavior showed a negative correlation with perceived susceptibility (r=-.27, p<.001). As seen on multiple regression analysis, the factor influencing children’s eye health behavior was self-efficacy (β=.57, p<.001), and the model’s explanatory power was approximately 43% (F=24.09, p<.001).
Conclusion To promote eye health behavior in preschool children, it is necessary to strengthen the self-efficacy of parents. The results of this study can be used to develop eye health programs for preschool children and their parents.
Purpose This study investigated the relationships between mothers' knowledge and practice level of cough etiquette and their children's practice level of cough etiquette as perceived by their mothers.
Methods This study was a descriptive correlational study. The data were collected from 160 mothers with preschoolers attending daycare centers and kindergartens in Gwangju, South Korea using self-reported questionnaires.
Results The correct answer rate for cough etiquette knowledge in mothers was 86.0%, mothers' average practice score was 33.65±4.14, and their children's average practice score was 28.39±4.85 out of 48. The correlation between mothers' cough etiquette knowledge and practice level was not statistically significant. However, mothers' cough etiquette practice was positively correlated with children's cough etiquette level as perceived by mothers (r=.35, p<.001).
Conclusion The development of a systematic cough etiquette education program and measurements for both mothers and children according to their developmental stages is important to effectively prevent respiratory infections.
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Purpose A hand-washing program using role-playing was developed for preschool children and tested to verify its usefulness.
Methods The participants were 46 preschool children (experimental group, 23; control group, 23). Data were collected from August 7, 2017 to September 20, 2017. The first posttest was carried out on the day after the initial intervention was completed, and the second posttest was performed after a month. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, Fisher exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney test, and Friedman test.
Results In the experimental group, the frequency of practicing hand-washing was significantly higher than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.94, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.15, p=.002). The accuracy of hand-washing was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.02, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.86, p<.001).
Conclusion The hand-washing program developed in this study was found to be an effective intervention strategy for improving the frequency and accuracy of hand-washing among preschool children.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with smartphone overdependency in preschool children based on an analysis of mother, child, and their mutual dyadic relationships.
Methods Data were collected from 171 mothers of preschool children enrolled at daycare centers and kindergartens from January to March 2018. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance with Scheffé post hoc test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS version 24.
Results The self regulation of preschool children (β=-.358, p<.001) was the factor most closely associated with smartphone overdependency. The second most closely associated factor was children’s use of a smartphone 0.5-1 hour daily (β=-.249, p=.005). Additional associated factors were mothers’ use of a smartphone for 3-4 hours daily (β=.217, p=.002), children’s use of a smartphone for less than 0.5 hour daily (β=-.212, p=.006), and children’s use of a smartphone for 1-2 days per week (β=-.205, p=.026).
Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to try to develop guidelines and programs to prevent smart phone overdependency in preschool children.
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Purpose This study was conducted to measure adiposity and to investigate related factors in preschoolers born prematurely.
Methods A longitudinal follow-up study was conducted with 52 preschoolers at 5 years of corrected age among 343 preterm infants. Their adiposity status was evaluated based on measurements of body mass index, subscapular and triceps skin fold thickness (SFT), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and mid-arm circumference at a home visit.
Results The findings showed that SFT measurements, particularly at the triceps, reflected the degree of adiposity more accurately than other conventional measures. A shorter gestation, older maternal age, and the mother having more years of formal education were associated with higher levels of adiposity in the preschoolers.
Conclusion The adiposity of children born prematurely needs to be thoroughly monitored with additional SFT measurements, considering the risk of accelerated growth patterns overriding regular catch-up growth in children born prematurely.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the meaning and essence of experiences of stress in mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis.
Methods This study employed a qualitative research design. Seven mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis were interviewed and the data were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological method.
Results Five main themes and 12 theme clusters emerged. The 5 main themes were 1) the mother’s enduring heartache from the conflict that arise among family members, 2) the complete loss of daily happiness, 3) the steady stream of emotional fluctuations, 4) struggling to bear the heavy financial burden, and, 5) a life of hope accompanied by stress.
Conclusion The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of stress among mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis. These results can be used in the development of nursing interventions to provide psychological and emotional support for mothers and family members.
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Methods This study was a cross-sectional study. Data for 591 preschoolers, 432 fathers and 538 mothers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 were included. Obesity/overweight was defined by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. T-test, Rao-Scott χ2, multivariate logistic regression was used for the analysis.
Results Prevalence rates for preschooler obesity/overweight were 14.9% (obesity, 5.4%; overweight, 9.5%). The preschoolers with atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis or asthma (OR=2.78, 95% CI [1.27-6.09], p=.011) and eating more thiamine per day (OR=1.01, 95% CI [1.00-1.02], p=.001) showed higher obesity/overweight development. The only parental factor affecting preschooler obesity/overweight was parental body mass index (father, OR=1.18, 95% CI [1.09-1.28], p<.001; mother, OR=1.09, 95% CI [1.04-1.15], p<.001).
Conclusion Interventions on preventing preschooler obesity should be introduced much earlier for children with risk factors. Results from this study can be used as preliminary data to develop effective strategies to prevent obesity in Korean preschoolers.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between mother child-rearing attitude, language control styles and preschool child’s social competence, and also, to provide a basis for development of a program to promote preschool child’s social competence.
Methods The present study was a descriptive research. Participants in this study were a convenience sample of 300 preschool children and their mothers. For the final analysis 264 questionnaires were used after eliminating questionnaires with incomplete responses. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program.
Results The mean score for mother’s child-rearing attitude was 3.31±0.25 out of 5 points, for hierarchical language control styles (2.76±0.62), commanding (1.95±0.58), and humanistic (2.48±0.62) out of 5 points, and for child’s social competence, 3.50±0.34 out of 5 points. Negative correlations were found between commanding language control styles and child’s social competence (r= -.34, p < .001), and between commanding language control style and mother’s child-rearing attitude (r = -.50, p < .001).
Conclusion The results demonstrate the importance of the quality of mother’s child-rearing attitude and language control styles for child’s social competence. It is suggested that promotion programs to enhance preschool child’s social competence should be developed in conjunction with the parenting related environment.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among preschoolers’ smartphone addiction tendency, problem behaviors, and parenting efficacy of the mothers of these children.
Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was used with self-administered questionnaires. A total of 83 mothers of preschoolers aged 4-6 years and their preschool teachers from a kindergarten participated in the study.
Results Mean daily time spent by the preschoolers on smartphones was about 45 minutes/day. About 40% spent more than 60 minutes/day on smartphones. The majority (69.8%) used smartphones without adult supervision. The level of smartphone addiction tendency among the pre-schoolers was 1.52±0.45 on a 4-point scale. Preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for more than 60 minutes/day showed a higher level of smartphone addiction tendency than preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for less than 60 minutes/day. Also smartphone addiction tendency among preschoolers had a positive correlation with hyperactive-distractible behavior (r = .228, p = .038) and a negative correlation with parenting efficacy of their mothers (r = -.299, p = .006).
Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that preschooler’s smartphone addiction tendency is significantly associated with hyperactive-distractible behaviors of the children and low parenting efficacy among their mothers. Therefore well-designed care plans for these populations should be provided to decrease smartphone addiction tendency.
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According to sub-categories, 'burn prevention' (.96+/-.13) was the highest, 'interpersonal safety' (.44+/-.31) was the lowest. There were significant differences in injury risk perception according to gender (t=-2.358, p=.019), age (t=-2.101, p=.037), experience of safety education (t=-3.719, p<.001), area of residence (t=-3.445, p=.001), injury experience (t=3.212, p=.002), and mother's occupation (t=-4.858, p<.001). The highest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'making jump on the desk', the lowest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'not wearing safety equipment when rollerblading'. CONCLUSION Based on this study, studies should be continued to standardize the instrument. In addition, it is recommended that an injury prevention education program should be developed based on the results of this study to stimulate demand and interest.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine relationship of preschool child and mother interaction, child's health status, health-related quality of life and social development. Also, it was intended to provide a basis for development of mother-child interaction programs. METHODS The present study was a descriptive research.
Participants in this study were a convenience sample of 230 preschool children and their mothers. For the final analysis 209 questionnaires were used after eliminating questionnaires with incomplete responses. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program. RESULTS The mean score for interaction between preschool child and mother was 3.96+/-0.55 out of 5 points, for child health status, 3.75+/-0.62 out of 5 points, for child's health-related quality of life, 83.89+/-10.20 out of 100 points and for child's social development, 19.66+/-3.57 out of 24 points. Positive correlations were found between interaction of preschool child and mother, child's health status, health-related quality of life, and social development. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the importance of the quality of the relationship between mother, the child's primary caregiver, and her child for the healthy growth and development of preschool children. It is suggested that intervention programs for preschool child-mother interaction should be developed using evidence based data.
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One hundred and fifty-six questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS Mothers with preschool children showed a moderate level of physical activity support for their children.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to find out preschool children's health status and their mothers' health management in the vulnerable classes. METHODS The assessment tool was developed, taken into consideration existing studies, materials produced by the customized visiting health care system, and review of visiting nurses of health centers and related experts. Data were collected January to February 2010 from 259 mothers by visiting nurses, and analyzed using SAS program for descriptive statistics. RESULTS Body weight less than 3 percentile was found for 5.0% children and over 97 percentile for 7.7%. Atopy was found in 17.8% children, no hand-washing after toileting and before meal in 30.9% and 36.7% respectively, no breakfast in 15.8%, and irregular meal in 32.0%. Sex education was made by 45.7% mothers, regular dental check by 56.6%, and hearing and eyesight test by 61.1% and 66.8% respectively. Home environment for upbringing is 34.3 in the scale of 41, and accident prevention 17.5 in the scale of 22. CONCLUSION It is necessary to make an intervention on children's weight, personal sanitation and meal time in the vulnerable classes. Mothers need to be educated for appropriate health care, and home environments to improve upbringing and accident prevention.
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PURPOSE This study was conducted to identify current health care management and barriers in health care management according to ecological systems, and to develop an ecological model for enhancing health care in child care centers. METHODS Focus group interviews were conducted with directors and teachers of child care centers, and with parents of children enrolled in child care. Data were analyzed by the latent content analysis method. RESULTS Twelve categories of health care management were identified. Barriers to child health care included knowledge deficit and lack of competence in health care by teachers, lack of useful health care manuals, non-existence of professional child health care personnel in child care centers, lack of mutual information sharing and disagreement on child health conditions between child care personnel and parents, lack of specific health related child care inspection criteria and time flexible child care centers with a lack of policy on collaboration with health care facilities. The ecological model developed included specific strategies to improve health care management in child care. CONCLUSION The proposed ecological model to improve child health care management should be useful to plan future health care program considering both the immediate and indirect social environment surrounding children in child care.
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Κλίμακα αξιολόγησης της σχολικής ετοιμότητας για παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας 5-6 ετών: κατασκευή και ψυχομετρικά χαρακτηριστικά Δέσποινα Τσαούση, Ασημίνα M. Ράλλη, Πέτρος Ρούσσος, Φαίη Αντωνίου Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychologi.2023; 28(1): 292. CrossRef
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of fathers of preschool children to child rearing and to provide basic data to develop parent education programs. METHOD The participants were 84 fathers of preschool children and the measurement tool was the Korean Parent As A Teacher Inventory self-report questionnaire and data were collected from 1 kindergarten and 1 child care center located in Gyeonggi Province. RESULTS 1) Child-rearing attitudes of the fathers was above average at 2.80(+/-0.19). 2) There were significant difference statistically according to father's occupation (F=3.14, p=0.03) and child characteristics (F=4.87, p=0.01).
3) There were significant correlation between child rearing attitudes of the fathers and their age (tau=-0.16, p=0.04), and child characteristics (tau=0.21, p=0.02). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that attitudes of fathers to child rearing are important and it is necessary to develop a systemic parenting education program.
PURPOSE This study was done to evaluate the effects of distraction using balloon art on pain experienced by preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection.
METHODS: Participants were 40 hospitalized preschool children. Children in the experimental group (20) were distracted by balloon art while undergoing an intravenous injection. Children in the control group (20) received regular care. Pain experienced by the children was measured using self-report, observation tools, heart rate and oxygen saturation. The data were analyzed using the SAS program. RESULTS Compared with the control group, children in the experimental group showed significant difference in pain as shown by pulse rate. However, children in the experimental group did not show a decrease in pain in the self-report or behavior observation when compared with children in the control group. CONCLUSION Distraction using balloon art can be used to reduce pain for preschool children when undergoing an intravenous injection. Further nursing interventions need to be developed and provided to preschool children when undergoing painful procedures.
, Euna Park
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