Purpose
The study aimed to develop a play toolkit to facilitate infants’ and toddlers' symbolic thought and fine motor development.
Methods
This study used a methodological study design including two phases of development and evaluation. After reviewing the play culture and developmental health issues in Kyrgyzstan through a literature review and interviews with local experts and parents, the toolkit was developed and evaluated using content validity and utilization tests.
Results
The toolkit was based on Westby’s symbolic play and the fine motor milestones in the Bright Futures Guidelines. The Toolkits were composed of an overall suggested play schedule according to the child’s age, four kinds of play props, and a utilization guidebook for parents. The play props were a felt book, sorting and assembling blocks, cup blocks, and a tangram. The guidebook contained age-appropriate operating methods and alternative ways to use the materials.
Conclusion
A play toolkit was developed to enhance nurturing practices among parents of infants and toddlers. The findings may help facilitate effective interactions between parents and their children. Considering that nurturing care is critical for achieving better child health outcomes, enhancing parenting resources and parent-child relations could function as an effective strategy for promoting child health.

Purpose
A hand-washing program using role-playing was developed for preschool children and tested to verify its usefulness.
Methods
The participants were 46 preschool children (experimental group, 23; control group, 23). Data were collected from August 7, 2017 to September 20, 2017. The first posttest was carried out on the day after the initial intervention was completed, and the second posttest was performed after a month. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, Fisher exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney test, and Friedman test.
Results
In the experimental group, the frequency of practicing hand-washing was significantly higher than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.94, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.15, p=.002). The accuracy of hand-washing was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.02, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.86, p<.001).
Conclusion
The hand-washing program developed in this study was found to be an effective intervention strategy for improving the frequency and accuracy of hand-washing among preschool children.

Citations

• Impact of Personal Hygiene Education Based on Social Learning Theory on Preschool Children
  Isin Biyikoglu Alkan, Nebahat Bora Gunes, Musa Ozsavran, Tulay Kuzlu Ayyildiz
  Early Childhood Education Journal.2025; 53(2): 539.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Video-Supported Hand-washing Training on Hand-washing Knowledge and Skills in Children in Need of Protection
  Refiye Akpolat, Zehra Şevval Yavuz, Elçin Birce Birkan, Cansu Yeşil
  Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science.2025; 11(2): 116.     CrossRef
• Status of Early Childhood Health Promotion Education and Educational Needs Perceived by Primary Caregivers
  Young-Ran Lee, Eunjeong Nam, Sun-Nam Park, Mi-Ran Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2025; 32(3): 376.     CrossRef
• İlköğretim Öğrencilerine Rol Oynama (Rol-Play) Yöntemi ile Uygulanan El Hijyeni Eğitiminin Öğrencilerin El Yıkama Bilgi ve Becerilerine Etkisi
  Hatice YUMRU, Şerife KOÇ
  Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elek.2021; 14(3): 188.     CrossRef
• Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children
  Zachary Munn, Catalin Tufanaru, Craig Lockwood, Cindy Stern, Helen McAneney, Timothy H Barker
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to identify therapeutic play need and the degree of the nurses's therapeutic play performances perceived by hospitalized children's mothers, and then to compare the difference between the degree of the need and perceived performances. The subjects of this study consist of 121 hospitalized children's mothers. A questionaire for this study was 29 item likert type 4 point scale developed on the basis of literature review, hospitalized children's mother interview and researcher's clinical experiences. Data was analyzed by Paired t-test, t-test, ANOVA & Duncan's comparison. Results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The degree of the therapeutic play need was measured to be high (3.20). The degree of perceived therapeutic play need by five components were followed as : physiologic suffering relief & enhancing play (3.39), growth & development facilitating play (3.26), instructional play (3.24), emotional well-being promoting play (3.18) and providing play tool & environment(2.97). 2.The degree of the nurse's therapeutic play performances perceived by mothers was measured to be low (1.60). The degree of perceived performances of the therapeutic play by the five components were followed as : physiologic suffering relief & enhancing play (1.87), instructional play (1.74), emotional well-being promoting play (1.64), providing play tool & environment (1.44) and growth & development facilitating play (1.42). 3. The difference between the degree of the therapeutic play need and nurese's perfor mances perceived by hospitalized children's mothers were significant statistically (t= 38.54, p=.0001). Also, five components of therapeutic play were significant statistically (p=.0001). Therapeutic play has unique benefits among health care intervention for children. These findings will help in building of the theoretical framework of therapeutic play and enhancing the quality of nursing care for hospitalized children. Therapeutic play program for hospitalized children according to child growth & development and physiologic status are recommended to be developed.

In our time the parent's role is changing from sexually differentiated to androgynous pattern. Mother's interaction with infant includes caring and father's interaction especially have play. Father and mother share the caring and play because they have complementary nature. Infants have a tendency to show more positive responses to their fathers than mothers in play situations. For that reason we can help the promotion of father's interaction with his infant. through ascertaining patterns of father-infant play interaction. This study was to find out patterns of father-infant play interaction in order to improve the interaction between father and infant. Data was video-taped from 6 fathers and infants who were healthy and first-timed and 7-11 weeks old in their houses. I used Father-Infant Play Interaction Scale that was applied to father instead of mother as a care-giver. The scale was checked up by experts in this field for content validity and the reliability was 0.95 in this study. The results were as follows; 1. Father's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about infant's cue. The mean score was 33.16(SD, 9.11). This mean they come up to the standard level of responses about infant's cue. 2. Infant's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about father's cue. The mean score was 7.00(SD, 3.10). This means they get the higher level of responses about father's cue. 3. The patterns of simultaneous responses occurred together between father and infant. The mean score was 9.58(SD, 3.96). This means they reach the standard level of simultaneous responses between father and infant. 4. The patterns of interactional behaviors occurred interpersonally between father and infant. The mean score was 49.75(SD, 15.80). This means they interact on the standard level of play interaction. In view of the results father's play interaction seems to reveal an average level and play patterns are similar to mother's. In order to ascertain definitely patterns of father-infant play interaction we need further research which has more subjects and variables to have important effects.

PURPOSE
This study was done to analyze children's play during hospitalization.
METHOD
Data were collected from 36 play situations of hospitalized children, ages 2 to 6, hospitalized at 4 general hospitals, one in each city, Seoul, Suwon, Daejeon and Daegu. All observations were made in pediatric units during free-play periods. Each child was observed for 5 minutes at each observation and observed three times at each play session. RESULTS: Of the children, 83.3% played on the bed. Play partners were mainly mothers. While 75.0% of children actively took part in play activity and 70.0% played with joy, 63.9% of play partners were more passive in the play. The most frequent play material was a small toy. The level of play was early stage of social and cognitive play, and dramatic play was observed in a few children over the age of 3 years. The play activities were conversional play, reflections of therapeutic procedures, imagination, and exploratory play. In the conversional play, children converted hospital equipments into play materials.
CONCLUSION
It is recommended that health care team members should pay attention and actively participate in play of hospitalized children in order to help them have some control over the stress of the situation.