Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the in-depth perceptions of newborn care among North Korean refugee women through focus group interviews. This research aims to provide foundational data for developing newborn care education programs tailored for North Korean refugee women preparing for motherhood.
Methods
This qualitative study employed focus groups to investigate perceptions of neonatal care among North Korean refugee women of childbearing age (20–45 years old). Conducted from August to September 2022, the sessions included five non-pregnant women and four who were currently pregnant.
Results
Both pregnant and non-pregnant women expressed ambivalent feelings, characterized by a blend of expectation and fear regarding childrearing. Pregnant women articulated specific parenting strategies and viewed childrearing as a more tangible responsibility in light of physical changes and social isolation. In contrast, non-pregnant women expressed vague aversion and anxiety about the lack of information and support systems, stating that they could only endure childrearing with adequate external support. Notably, pregnant women emphasized the psychological conflict stemming from disrupted self-realization and shifts in their identities as mothers.
Conclusion
This study revealed differences in childrearing perceptions among North Korean refugee women based on their pregnancy status. It underscores the necessity for developing customized education programs that consider life stages and psychological readiness, as well as the importance of establishing social support systems.

Citations

• Service design for improving pregnancy, childbirth, and childcare competency among North Korean refugee women in South Korea: a qualitative service-design study
  In-Sook Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2026; 32(1): 52.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of precocious puberty and elucidate the distinct characteristics of each type of perception related to precocious puberty among school-aged children who had undergone treatment for the condition.
Methods
This study applied the Q methodology to identify and classify the perceptions of precocious puberty among school-aged children who had undergone treatment for the condition. The analysis involved 34 questions from the Q sample and data from 35 individuals in the P sample, using the PC-QUANL Program for analysis.
Results
The perceptions of precocious puberty among school-aged children who had undergone precocious puberty treatment were classified into the following four types: "shyness - passive self-management," "resentment - suppression," "anxiety - fear," and "adaptation - acceptance."
Conclusion
This study investigated the experiences and perceptions of children who have undergone treatment for precocious puberty. Through the identification of four types of perceptions, we can see that there is a need to develop an intervention program for nursing that is tailored to the specific type of precocious puberty.

Purpose
This study was conducted to examine the relationships among the perceptions and practice of taegyo (a traditional set of practices and beliefs related to healthy fetal development) and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women.
Methods
The participants were 136 pregnant women who visited a public health center or maternity hospital for prenatal care. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of varience, and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS version 22.0.
Results
The mean age of the pregnant women was 32.24±3.99 years. The mean scores for perceptions of taegyo, practice of taegyo, and maternal-fetal attachment were 3.96±0.53, 3.74±0.64, and 3.94±0.49, respectively. Perceptions of taegyo were significantly correlated with the practice of taegyo (r=.72, p<.001), and maternal-fetal attachment (r=.55, p<.001). A significant correlation was also found between the practice of taegyo and maternal-fetal attachment (r=.65, p<.001).
Conclusion
Perceptions of taegyo affected the practice of taegyo, and had a positive effect on maternal-fetal attachment. These findings suggest that primary care nurses at hospitals and public health centers should provide nursing intervention programs to improve the perceptions of taegyo, the practice of taegyo, and maternal-fetal attachment.

Citations

• Influencing Factors and Consequences of Maternal-Fetal Attachment among Pregnant Women in East Asia: A Scoping Review
  Eungil Ko, Yaelim Lee
  Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2026; 37(1): 110.     CrossRef
• Effects of probiotics on gastrointestinal symptoms, anthropometric measurements, and breastfeeding duration in infants with colic: a randomized control trial
  Aysu Yıldız Karaahmet, Gülümser Dolgun, Metehan Özen
  Sao Paulo Medical Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relation between Mother’s Taekyo, Prenatal and Postpartum Depression, and Infant’s Temperament and Colic: A Longitudinal Prospective Approach
  Kyung-Sook Bang, Insook Lee, Sungjae Kim, Yunjeong Yi, Iksoo Huh, Sang-Youn Jang, Dasom Kim, Sujin Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2020; 17(20): 7691.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify and describe health care providers’ perceptions of family-centered care in pediatrics.
Methods
A qualitative descriptive study was designed. Data were collected from individual interviews using open-ended questions. Fifty-six pediatric health care providers participated in the study from January to April 2015. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis to identify the major perceptions of pediatric health care providers.
Results
The providers perceived that the concept of family-centered care has been incompletely implemented. Five themes (respecting a child's family, taking care of a child with the child's family, sharing information about children, supporting a child's family, a child's family participating in child care) with 11 sub-themes were identified in the providers’ experiences with families. To achieve the goal of family-centered care in pediatrics, medical and nursing conditions must be improved, education about family-centered care must be provided, and improvements should be made in the mindset of health care providers regarding patients and in families’ willingness to participate in care.
Conclusion
The findings from this study provide insight into pediatric health care providers’ perceptions of family-centered care. It will contribute to the establishment of a foundation for implementing family-centered care in pediatric nursing.

Citations

• Exploration of Family-Centered Care in NICUs: A Grounded Theory Methodology
  Young Ah Park, YeoJin Im
  Qualitative Health Research.2025; 35(10-11): 1231.     CrossRef
• A scoping review of the perceptions and practices of pediatric nurses’ toward family-centered care
  Haytham Mohammad Al-Oran, Mahmoud Ayed Al-Frejat
  Frontiers of Nursing.2025; 12(2): 177.     CrossRef
• Investigation of predictor factors of the nursing students attitudes toward parents' participation in care
  Sibel Serap Ceylan, Türkan Turan
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2023; 73: e503.     CrossRef
• Levels of Partnership between Nurses and Parents of Hospitalized Children and the Quality of Pediatric Nursing Care as Perceived by Nurses
  So Yeon Yoo, Haeryun Cho, Yae Young Kim, Ji Hyeon Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(1): 64.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate perceptions of child abuse and factors influencing those perceptions among nursing students.
Methods
A descriptive research design was used with a convenience sample of 669 nursing students. Data was collected from September 1 to 25, 2016 using self-report questionnaires and analyzed with descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis in SPSS for Windows version 21.0.
Results
The mean score for perceptions of child abuse was 3.52±0.41, and the scores by subcategory were as follows: physical abuse, 3.61±0.39; emotional abuse, 3.54±0.53; neglect, 3.17±0.69; sexual abuse, 3.85±0.35. A significant correlation was found between perceptions of child abuse and parental acceptance-rejection attitude (warmth/affection, indifference/neglect, undifferentiated rejection). The factors influencing perceptions of child abuse were gender, experiences of child abuse, and perceived parental attitudes of warmth/affection and undifferentiated rejection, which explained 5.1% of the variances.
Conclusion
Based on the finding of this study, educational programs and guidelines should be developed to help nursing students improve their perceptions of child abuse.

Citations

• Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Undergraduate Nursing Students about Child Abuse and Neglect: A Cross-sectional Study
  Mohammad M. Alnaeem, Mohammad A. Abu Sabra, Ayman M. Hamdan-Mansour, Suhair Hussni Al-Ghabeesh, Alaa Abuatallah
  Teaching and Learning in Nursing.2025; 20(1): e211.     CrossRef
• Exploring nursing students' awareness about child abuse and neglect
  Mohammad M. Alnaeem, Mohammad A. Abu Sabra, Ayman M. Hamdan-Mansour
  Child Abuse & Neglect.2025; 163: 107430.     CrossRef
• İntörn Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmaline Yönelik Bilgi Düzeyleri ve İlişkili Faktörler
  Fadime Üstüner Top, Hasan Hüseyin Çam
  Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer.2025; 15(2): 198.     CrossRef
• Effects of nursing students’ ability to empathize, recognize children’s rights, and perceive child abuse on their intention to report child abuse
  Hye-Seon Lee, Hyunkyung Choi
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing .2024; 30(1): 61.     CrossRef
• An Exploration of the Relationship between Liking of Children and Determining Abuse and Neglect among Students Studying Child Development at a Vocational School
  Mukaddes Demir Acar, Tulay Yilmaz Bingol
  Child & Youth Services.2023; 44(2): 218.     CrossRef
• A study on prospective dental hygiene students awareness of child abuse and attitudes towards mandatory reporting
  Seon-Yeong Kim
  Journal of Korean Society of Dental Hygiene.2023; 23(5): 403.     CrossRef
• Child Abuse Awareness and Reporting Intention among Nursing and Education Students
  Yeseul Jeong, Sang Youn Jang, Min Kyung Song, Da Jeong Kum, Sae Eun Park, Kyung Sook Bang
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Educ.2019; 25(2): 216.     CrossRef

Purpose
The aim of this study was to assess the body weight perception of adolescents and to investigate the difference between mental health and weight control behavior according to body weight perception.
Methods
Study data on 12-18 years old adolescents with normal BMI was obtained from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015). Rao-Scott Chi-square test and ANOVA were used for the analysis.
Results
The percentage of adolescents with a misperception of body weight was 43.3%, and their subjective health status (p=.013), stress perception (p=.001), and depression (p=.001) were worse than for adolescents who had the correct perception of their body weight. The percentage of adolescents who were trying to lose weight while perceiving their body weight as normal was 36.9%. Body weight control behavior had significant differences according to dietary intake (frequency of eating dinner (p=.015)), energy intake (p=.004), and carbohydrate intake (p<.001), but there was no significant difference according to exercise.
Conclusion
Parents, school teachers, and nurses should make efforts to ensure that Korean adolescents perceive their body weight correctly, and prevent unhealthy weight control behaviors.

Citations

• The relationship between adolescents’ perceived body image, weight control efforts, and experiences with the use of drugs including narcotics
  Hyun-Jae Woo, Hae-Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2025; 42(2): 13.     CrossRef
• Network analysis based on big data in social media of Korean adolescents’ diet behaviors
  JongHwi Song, SooYeun Yoo, JunRyul Yang, SangKyun Yun, YunHee Shin, Girish C. Melkani
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(8): e0273570.     CrossRef
• Does perceived overweight increase risk of depressive symptoms and suicidality beyond objective weight status? A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Ashleigh Haynes, Inge Kersbergen, Angelina Sutin, Michael Daly, Eric Robinson
  Clinical Psychology Review.2019; 73: 101753.     CrossRef
• Effect of Body Image Distortion on Mental Health in Adolescents
  Hyun Jung Yun
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2018; 43(3): 191.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses’ perceptions on child abuse.
Methods
In this cross-sectional descriptive study, data were collected using a questionnaire and 217 nurses working in seven general hospitals were surveyed. The perception scale was divided into 4 subscales: physical, psychological, sexual abuse and neglect.
Results
Nurses who suspected child abuse accounted for 18.1% of the nurses, and 41.9% of the nurses stated that they did not to report suspected child abuse. The nurses reported receiving only a little education about the prevention of child abuse. The mean score for perception on child abuse was high (3.59±0.31). Recognition of sexual abuse ranked highest, psychological abuse ranked lowest.
Conclusion
The findings from this research provide baseline information for understanding nurses’ perceptions on child abuse, and may help in the development of appropriate education programs that will enable nurses to report child abuse.

Citations

• The role of nurses in child abuse situations: a systematic review
  Bomi Kim, Sunyeob Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(1): 4.     CrossRef
• Effects of nursing students’ ability to empathize, recognize children’s rights, and perceive child abuse on their intention to report child abuse
  Hye-Seon Lee, Hyunkyung Choi
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing .2024; 30(1): 61.     CrossRef
• The effects of action learning-based education of nursing students on the perception of child abuse
  Nam Hye Ri, Sun Jung Park
  International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIE.2023; 10(11): 14.     CrossRef
• Child Abuse Awareness and Reporting Intention among Nursing and Education Students
  Yeseul Jeong, Sang Youn Jang, Min Kyung Song, Da Jeong Kum, Sae Eun Park, Kyung Sook Bang
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Educ.2019; 25(2): 216.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate parents’ perception and behaviors in the case of a child safety accident.
Methods
The participants were 254 parents of children under 12 years old. Data were collected from October 12 to November 25, 2016 using self-report questionnaire.
Results
The mean score for parental perception and behaviors showed a high score of 3.12±0.30. In addition, the top three categories were drug management (3.45±0.54), prevention of burns (3.34±0.52), and vehicle safety (3.34±0.44). The overall difference in categories of perception and behaviors about child safety accidents according to demographic characteristics of participants, was developmental age (F=5.616, p=.004). Most of the categories had significant correlation with other categories.
Conclusion
Findings in this study show parental perception and behaviors were relatively high. It is recommended that safety education for parents should be done for a healthy life for their children.

Citations

• Cognition and agency-based methods to improve children’s road-hazard perception ability during visually occluded road crossing
  Zhongxiang Feng, Xiuwei Zhang, Canhui Chu, Jing Liu, Zhipeng Huang, Tao Gu, Rui Xue
  Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology.2025; 109: 299.     CrossRef
• Parents' Experience with Infant Safety Accidents and Needs of Safety Education: Content Analysis
  Soo-Yeon Han, Sun-Mi Chae
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2022; 26(2): 61.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of mHealth–Safe Kids Hospital for the prevention of hospitalized children safety incidents: A randomized controlled trial
  Il Tae Park, Won‐Oak Oh, Gwang‐Cheon Jang, Jihee Han
  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2021; 53(5): 623.     CrossRef
• Developing and Evaluating a Mobile-based Parental Education Program for Preventing Unintentional Injuries in Early Childhood: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Younglee Choi, Hye Young Ahn
  Asian Nursing Research.2021; 15(5): 329.     CrossRef
• The effect of medically-attended injury experience on the use of home safety equipment
  Ingyu Jeong, Si Young Jung, Joohyun Suh, Ki Ok Ahn, Jung Ah Bae
  Pediatric Emergency Medicine Journal.2020; 7(2): 114.     CrossRef
• Child Safety Injury Experiences, Prevention Behaviors and Educational Needs among Immigrant Vietnamese Women on Jeju Island
  Yun-Mi Cho, Sang-Gu Lee, Jung-Woo Kim, Na-Rae Kang, Min Sohn
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 367.     CrossRef

Purpose
To investigate the perception and barriers of Kangaroo-Mother Care (KMC) among nurses in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU).
Methods
Participants were 131 nurses working in NICU who completed self-report questionnaires which included information regarding perception, barriers, and practice of KMC. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients.
Results
Of the participants, 33.6% reported the practice of KMC in their NICU, with 75.6% wanting to receive training in KMC and 31.3% having received KMC education. Most of the participants agreed that KMC enhances attachment, parental confidence, and effective breast feeding but they reported a negative perception in providing KMC for premature infants weighing less than 1,000 grams or intubated premature infants. Major barriers to practicing KMC were safety of infants, possible work overload for nurses, as well as absence of consistent guidelines. Barriers to KMC among nurses who received the KMC training were lower than nurses who did not receive the KMC training (t=-2.11, p=.037).
Conclusion
Education program and standardized clinical practice protocol should be developed to foster the positive perception and to reduce nurse barriers to KMC.

Citations

• Developmentally Supportive Care Among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nurses in South Korea
  Han Na Lee, Ji Hyeon Park, Haeryun Cho
  Advances in Neonatal Care.2023; 23(3): E60.     CrossRef
• Barriers to and enablers of kangaroo mother care
  Soon Min Lee
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2020; 63(11): 431.     CrossRef
• Effects of Positioning Education Program through Oral Explanations or Brochures for Parents of Premature Infants with Brain Lesions and the Satisfaction Level of Physical Therapy at Discharge
  Hye-Young Lee, Dong-Yeon Kang
  The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy.2017; 29(5): 259.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to measure (the degree of) injury risk perception in preschool children.
METHODS
The data were collected from child day care centers and kindergartens located in Seoul, and Gyeonggi and Kwangwon Province. A questionnaire consisted of 28 pictures was administered to 186 preschool children.
RESULTS
The mean score for the injury risk perception was 21.83 (+/-3.89), and 77.98 converted into a 100-point scale. According to sub-categories, 'burn prevention' (.96+/-.13) was the highest, 'interpersonal safety' (.44+/-.31) was the lowest. There were significant differences in injury risk perception according to gender (t=-2.358, p=.019), age (t=-2.101, p=.037), experience of safety education (t=-3.719, p<.001), area of residence (t=-3.445, p=.001), injury experience (t=3.212, p=.002), and mother's occupation (t=-4.858, p<.001). The highest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'making jump on the desk', the lowest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'not wearing safety equipment when rollerblading'.
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, studies should be continued to standardize the instrument. In addition, it is recommended that an injury prevention education program should be developed based on the results of this study to stimulate demand and interest.

Citations

• Risk Factors for Pediatric Inpatient Falls
  Myung Sook Cho, Mi Ra Song, Sun Kyung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(5): 595.     CrossRef
• The Validity and Reliability of Injury Risk Perception in Preschool Children
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sung-Hee Kim, Yae-Young Kim, Jung-Eun Lee
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(2): 258.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
In this study a comparison was done of child-rearing attitudes of parents and problem behavior of children as perceived by parents and children.
METHODS
The participants were 205 fifth and sixth graders living in the city of Gangneung and their parents. The child-rearing attitudes and the problem behavior were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire.
RESULTS
The perception scores of the parents and children for total parents child-rearing attitudes were significantly different. There were also significant difference in the subcategories, affectionate-hostile, autonomous-controlling, rational-irrational. The scores for total behaviors problem as well as the sub-categories were all significantly different for the parents and children.
CONCLUSION
As there were differences in perception of child-rearing attitudes of parents and problem behavior of children between parents and their children, nurses should help parents to communicate with their children with affection and respect, and to observe their environment to identify problem behavior.

Citations

• Negative Parenting Mediates the Longitudinal Association between Parental Internalizing Symptoms and Child Oppositional Symptoms
  Marie-Theres Klemp, Christina Dose, Judith Mühlenmeister, Julia Plück, Laura Wähnke, Manfred Döpfner
  Child Psychiatry & Human Development.2025; 56(2): 1.     CrossRef
• Parenting Behaviors as Mediators of the Association Between Parental Internalizing Symptoms and Child Externalizing Symptoms
  Marie-Theres Klemp, Christina Dose, Christopher Hautmann, Lea T. Jendreizik, Judith Mühlenmeister, Julia Plück, Laura Wähnke, Manfred Döpfner
  Child Psychiatry & Human Development.2024; 55(4): 916.     CrossRef
• Study on Factors Influencing Self-Esteem Among Children Based on Big Data Analysis
  Ji Young Kim, Eun Hwa Jeong, Kangyi Lee
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2020; 41(6): 111.     CrossRef
• Influences of the Differences Between Mothers’ and Children’s Perceptions of Parenting Styles
  Jiwon Cho, Jung Hee Ha, Juliet Jue
  Frontiers in Psychology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Structural Equation Model for Psychosocial Adjustment in North Korean Adolescent Refugees
  Insook Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 287.     CrossRef
• Relationship between attention deficit hyperactive disorder symptoms and perceived parenting practices of school‐age children
  Dong Hee Kim, Il Young Yoo
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2013; 22(7-8): 1133.     CrossRef
• Relationship between behaviour problems and perceived parenting practices in Korean youth
  D. H. Kim, Y. S. Kim, Y‐J. Koh, B. L. Leventhal
  Child: Care, Health and Development.2013; 39(2): 194.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Quality of Life and Parenting Attitude and Parent-Child Communication Patterns of School Age Children
  Hee Geon Shin, Il Young Yoo, Eui Geum Oh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2010; 16(3): 220.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing parenting stress in primiparas. METHOD: The participants in this study were 198 primiparas of infants aged 1-6 months who visited well baby clinics in 5 hospitals. The data were collected from April 15 to June 15, 2003. RESULTS: The mean score for parenting stress was 2.4 of a possible 5 and thus considered average. The score for parenting stress was significantly correlated with the level of maternal perception of the infant and the level of social support. The score for parenting stress was significantly different according to the education level of the primiparas and prenatal management. For the primiparas, social support(20%) and maternal perception of the infant(9%) were significant predictors explaining parenting stress.
CONCLUSIONS
Nursing interventions to improve maternal perception of the infant and increase social support should be provided for primiparas in order to reduce parenting stress.

PURPOSE
this study was intended to search the relationship between perception of the infant temperament in mother of infant at the age of 1~12 months and maternal confidence and satisfaction in performing maternal role, and to submit a basic data to establish a nursing intervention program which is helpful for determination of infant development and performing maternal role promotion by identify variables associated with infant temperament.
METHOD
The subjects of this study were 300 mothers of infant at the age of 1~12 months who visited well baby clinic in 4 hospitals in Busan city and Kyoung-Nam province. Final analysis was performed in 293 cases. Seven cases was excluded in this study because of its inappropriate data collection. The data was collected from 1st July to 15th August 2002. The questionaries which were fill-up by mother were collected. Infant temperament was measured by using the tool of "what my baby is like"(WBL) which was developed by Priham et. al.(1994) and translated by Bang(1999). The scale of postpartum self evaluation which was developed by Lederman et al(1981) and translated by Lee(1992) was used for the confidence and satisfaction of maternal role. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-PC for window, version 10.0: frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Post-hoc test(Scheffe's test), Pearson Correlation Coefficients.
RESULT
The mean score of maternal perception of the infant temperament was 6.17 +/-1.04, and mother recognized her infant as positive. The mean score of confidence of maternal role was 2.89+/-.41 and this revealed in an average level. The mean score of satisfaction of maternal role was 3.29+/-.51 and this revealed in a higher level. There was a weak significant positive correlation between the score of maternal perception of infant temperament and confidence of maternal role(r=0.176, P= .003), but there was no significant correlation between satisfaction of maternal role(P > .05). It revealed the more maternal perception of the infant temperament as positive, the higher confidence of maternal role. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of maternal role(r=0.410, P= .000). It revealed the more confidence of maternal role, the higher satisfaction of maternal role. The variables related with the score of maternal perception of infant temperament were the type of delivery (t=-2.600, P= .010), experience of learning baby care(t=2.382, P= .018), maternal perception on baby's health status(F=3.467, P= .033), maternal perception on her health status(F=3.467, P= .027), baby's age(F=3.080, P= .028).
CONCLUSION
Our result showed the confidence of maternal role was increased as the maternal perception of infant temperament was positive, and conformed that the confidence of maternal role was also related with satisfaction of maternal role. Prenatal education, type of delivery, baby's age were also related with the maternal perception of infant temperament. So, nursing intervention program of developmental stage maybe necessary in order to help maternal perception of infant temperament as positive, and it will be increased the confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of performing maternal role which was considered as real indicate of achievement of maternal role.

The purpose of this study is to compare the educational needs and perception of mothers of normal neonates and high risk infants. This research was designed as a descriptive study. Data were collected for two months from April 2002 to March 2002. Subjects were 41 mothers of high risk infants and 60 mothers of normal neonates in one general hospital in Seoul participated in the study. Measurement tools used in this study were the educational needs scale developed by Cho Kyoul Ja et al and the neonatal perceptive inventories scale developed by Broussard. They ask mothers to rate each item on a four point Likert type scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 8.0 program. The variables were listed as frequency, mean, standard deviation, X2 test, t-test, ANOVA. The results were as follows: The educational needs of the mothers of primi pregnancy was higher than the mothers of multi pregnancy. The educational needs on management of diseases such as prevention of infection, symptoms of disease, mental development, attachment promotion, congenital metabolism test, management of convulsion, care of vomiting and fever were higher than general care of infants such as immunization, measurement of temperature, hiccough care, follow up care. The informations must be included in nursing intervention program to reduce the mothers' stress level. In conclusion, in order to promote positive mother infant relationship, nurse need to give information and educate the mothers of high risk infant and normal neonate.

This study was done to compare the breast-feeding primiparas' perceptions of their babies with bottle-feeding primiparas' at 2-3 days after delivery. The subjects of this study included 42 breast-feeding mothers and 56 bottle-feeding mothers. Data were collected by using the Neonatal Perception Inventory(NPI) devised by Broussard(1963) and added by Lee, Ja Hyung(1986) form December, 1996 to June, 1997. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Primiparas perceptions of their babies according to their general characteristics. 1) There was no significant difference in mothers' perceptions according to mothers' age and whether they have a job or not. 2) There was a difference in mothers' perceptions according to their educational level(P<0.1). 2. The comparisons of breast-feeding mothers' perceptions of their babies with bottle-feeding mothers'. 1) There was no significant difference in the two group's perceptions of other babies 2) There was no significant difference in the two group's perceptions of their own babies. (1) Breast-feeding mothers' general perceptions of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was (2) Breast-feeding mothers' perceptions about the basic needs of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', and there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05). (3) Breast-feeding mothers' perceptions about the sense and motor abilities of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (4) Breast-feeding mother's perceptions about the necessary care of their own babies were lower than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was no significant difference between the two group. 3) There was no significant difference between the two groups' positive-negative perceptions of their babies (1) 69% of breast-feeding mothers and 69.9% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about general conditions, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (2) 57.1% of breast-feeding mothers and 46.4% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the needs of babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (3) 50% of breast-feeding mothers and 48.2% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the sense and motor abilities of babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (4) 57.1% of breast-feeding mothers and 60.7% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the necessary care for babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. 3. 54.8% of breast-feeding mothers tried to feed their own babies on the 1st day after delivery. 83.3% of breast-feeding mothers chose the feeding method for themselves. Only 9.5% of breast-feeding mothers took recommendations for breast-feeding from nurses. 78.6% of breast-feeding mothers had no chance to learn about breast-feeding. 69% of breast-feeding mothers complained about the difficulties of breast-feeding. The most serious problems were : 'insufficient milk supply', 'lack of knowledge about feeding technique' and 'problems with nipples'.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore health behavior and perception of therapeutic restrictions in chronically ill children and their parents in Korea. Method: Nine children with chronic disease and of six of their parents were interviewed using semi-structured a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using explorative content analysis. Results: Health behaviors related to therapeutic restrictions was classified into four domains, and the perceptions of therapeutic restrictions into two domains. The domains regarding compliance in health behavior with therapeutic restrictions included control-centered restrictions (maintaining food limitations, avoiding harmful environments, restriction on physical activity, restriction on social activity, restriction on learning activity), and everyday pursuit of balance(preference for healthy diet, maintaining a regular life style, maintaining a standard body weight, pursuing psychological well-being, family participation). Domains regarding perception of therapeutic restrictions included obstacles to growth and development (bridled life, opportunity deprivation, prevented from playing proper role), origin of conflict (tenacity, conflict, stressor, cover-up), task for normal life (doing proper duty), and everyday affairs (becoming ordinary, familiarity). Conclusion: This study will help to enhance understanding the behavior and perception of therapeutic restrictions by chronically ill children and their families and to establish educational programs and counseling for these children and their families.

Purpose
This study was done to identify types of subjective perception of their disease by adolescents who have insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in order to better understand these adolescents and to determine effective nursing interventions. Method: Q-methodology was used in this study. The 36 Q-statements were selected through a literature review and in-depth interviews with participants. Data were collected from a 33 P-sample by sorting the 36 Q-statements into a 9 point standard. The data were analyzed using the PC QUANL program. Results: Five types of perception were identified: Type 1 being a recipient and having a will to cope with the disease, Type 2, seeking support from others, Type 3, emotional and negative coping, Type 4, pursuing own beliefs but with conflict at the same time, and Type 5 feeling under heavy pressure as their condition made them feel insecure, and they felt sorry to their families. Conclusion: The findings of the study are expected to contribute to improving clinical practices by helping nurses have a broader understanding of adolescents with IDDM, and exploring ideal nursing interventions.