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Original Articles

Family-based mobile application needs in childhood obesity management in South Korea: a qualitative study
Hwa-Mi Yang, Hye-Ryoung Kim
Child Health Nurs Res 2024;30(4):298-308.   Published online October 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2024.032
Purpose
It is essential to investigate the users’ needs in developing user-centered, family-based applications (apps) for managing childhood obesity.
Methods
This study conducted focus group interviews with ten parents, ten children, and four app developers to investigate the need to develop a family-based mobile app for childhood obesity. The interview period was from July 17 to August 30, 2023. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results
The results highlighted 31 key themes critical to family-based app development, including the need for comprehensive content promoting healthy lifestyle habits, tailored expert support, and motivational factors for app engagement, which were categorized as intrinsic, extrinsic, and social motivations and technological features. Participants also highlighted potential challenges, such as app usability issues and the need for a user-friendly interface. The pivotal role of parents in guiding and supporting their children’s health behaviors was emphasized, particularly in creating a supportive environment that encourages sustained engagement with the app.
Conclusion
These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the needs and preferences of parents, children, and app developers in managing childhood obesity. Emphasis on integrating healthy lifestyle content, providing expert support, and incorporating motivational strategies is crucial for the app’s success. Additionally, addressing potential difficulties and recognizing the pivotal role of parents are essential considerations. These insights will inform the design and development of a user-centered mobile app that supports families in managing childhood obesity.
  • 3,891 View
  • 64 Download
Unveiling the dynamics of stunting: a qualitative exploration of parenting patterns and toddlers aged 6–59 months in Bejiharjo, Indonesia
Intan Azzahra, Umi Listyaningsih, Raden Rara Wiwik Puji Mulyani
Child Health Nurs Res 2024;30(4):266-276.   Published online October 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2024.014
Purpose
This research was conducted to explore the experience of mothers in raising stunted toddlers aged between 6–59 months. It also examined the perceptions of parenting styles shaped by socio-cultural contexts and time constraints affecting the nutritional status as well as growth in Bejiharjo Village, Java, Indonesia.
Methods
A qualitative method was used and data were collected through in-depth interviews, diary recording, and focus group discussions with mothers of toddlers, stakeholders, and healthcare professionals. Transcript data from recorded interviews were processed using qualitative content analysis.
Results
The results showed that there were four emergent themes, namely “Toddler parenting patterns,” “Family and environmental health,” “Eating patterns and consumption habits of toddlers,” as well as “Literacy and understanding of parenting and child health.” Furthermore, eight related theme clusters were yielded from the analysis of parenting experiences. Differences between stunted and non-stunted toddlers in parenting patterns and daily activities were recorded. Interactions between toddlers and mothers as well as productive activities had a shorter average duration.
Conclusion
Mothers experience various challenges and limitations in raising toddlers with the risk of stunting. Therefore, increasing understanding and knowledge about the importance of healthy parenting and good nutrition are necessary to prevent stunting.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Factors Associated with the Incidence of Stunting in Early Childhood Children in the Working Area of Buhit Community Health Centre, Pangururan District, Samosir Regency, 2024
    Arni Wetty Sinurat , Kesaktian Manurung , Rinawati Sembiring, Kintoko Rochadi, Janno Sinaga
    Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences.2025; : 1970.     CrossRef
  • 2,575 View
  • 87 Download
  • 1 Crossref
Factors influencing children’s emotional and behavioral problems perceived by North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive study
In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
Child Health Nurs Res 2024;30(2):129-141.   Published online April 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2024.011
Purpose
The study investigated the relationships between key variables, including the level of parenting knowledge, acculturative stress, depression, and the strengths and difficulties associated with their children’s emotions and behavior, among North Korean refugee mothers who faced the challenging task of adapting to Korean society while raising their children.
Methods
A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected from 130 North Korean refugee mothers between September and November 2023.
Results
The participants had very limited parenting knowledge, and 82.3% of them scored 21 or higher on the depression scale used in community epidemiological studies. Higher levels of parenting knowledge and lower levels of depression were associated with lower levels of acculturative stress. Moreover, higher levels of depression were associated with more emotional and behavioral difficulties in children. Maternal depression, age, and employment status were identified as factors that influenced emotional and behavioral problems in preschool-aged children.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the importance of providing parent education and mental health support programs for North Korean refugee families in order to improve parents' parenting skills and emotional well-being.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A Phenomenological Study on the Perceived Quality of Life Among Older Female North Korean Refugees in South Korea
    Myeonghee Kim, Soochan Choi, Jeongsu Lim
    Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • 4,264 View
  • 83 Download
  • 1 Crossref
Purpose
North Korean refugee women struggle with the double burden of adaptation and parenting as mothers in a new environment. This study aimed to identify the knowledge, confidence, and educational needs regarding newborn care among North Korean refugees, and to determine differences between these variables according to participants' characteristics.
Methods
Data were collected from September to October 2022, and 150 North Korean refugee women recruited using convenience sampling participated in the study. Descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for data analysis.
Results
The mean scores were as follows: parenting knowledge, 14.97 out of 25; infection prevention knowledge and confidence, 20.09 out of 33 and 51.37 out of 80, respectively; and educational needs, 245.86 out of 310. Significant differences were observed in newborn care, knowledge, and confidence according to maternal age, educational level, family structure, and pregnancy history. Significant positive correlations were observed between the participants' newborn care knowledge, confidence, and educational needs.
Conclusion
Personalized educational programs should be implemented to enhance North Korean refugee women's confidence in newborn care, focusing on areas with low knowledge levels and high educational needs and enabling women to achieve healthy pregnancy and childbirth, and to parent well.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Perceptions of newborn care among North Korean refugee women in South Korea: a qualitative study using focus group interview: comparison between pregnant and non-pregnant groups
    In-Sook Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(4): 221.     CrossRef
  • Knowledge of atopic dermatitis and food allergies, as well as health information literacy, among North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive survey study
    In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
    Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(4): 300.     CrossRef
  • 4,835 View
  • 133 Download
  • 2 Crossref
Purpose
This study investigated the factors that influence parenting stress, including hardiness, parent-child interactions, and social support, to provide basic data for developing a program to reduce parenting stress in North Korean refugee mothers.
Methods
A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected between September and December 2021, and 123 North Korean refugee mothers participated.
Results
The mean scores were 69.42 out of 135 for hardiness, 48.45 out of 144 for interactions, 47.32 out of 90 for social support, and 51.84 out of 90 for parenting stress. The parental distress score was higher than that of child-related stress. Hardiness was significantly related to North Korean refugee mothers' parenting stress. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the explanatory power for hardiness and the number of supporters was approximately 19% for parenting stress (F=6.84, p<.001). As such, the factors with a relatively strong influence on parenting stress were hardiness (β =-.40, p<.001) and having four or more supporters (β=-.27, p=.027).
Conclusion
This study's findings suggest the need to identify ways to increase North Korean refugee mothers' psychological hardiness and encourage them to extend their sources of social support and enhance their style of parenting.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Perceptions of newborn care among North Korean refugee women in South Korea: a qualitative study using focus group interview: comparison between pregnant and non-pregnant groups
    In-Sook Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(4): 221.     CrossRef
  • Factors influencing children’s emotional and behavioral problems perceived by North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive study
    In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
    Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(2): 129.     CrossRef
  • Characterizing sociodemographic disparities and predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Asian and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander pregnant people: an analysis of PRAMS data, 2016–2022
    Mallory Go, Natasha Sokol, L. G. Ward, Micheline Anderson, Shufang Sun
    BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Knowledge, confidence, and educational needs of newborn care among North Korean refugee women: a descriptive study
    In-Sook Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(1): 72.     CrossRef
  • Knowledge of atopic dermatitis and food allergies, as well as health information literacy, among North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive survey study
    In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
    Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(4): 300.     CrossRef
  • 4,951 View
  • 129 Download
  • 5 Crossref
Purpose
This study investigated the parenting experiences of mothers of young children born moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) in South Korea.
Methods
In this qualitative study, semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with 10 mothers of MLPT children from infancy to preschool age. The interviews were video-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
Results
Four categories resulted from the analysis of parenting experiences of mothers with young MLPT children, as follows: "becoming a mother of an early-born child", "difficulties as the primary caregiver for a high-risk child", "helpful social support, but still a lack of professional support for parenting a high-risk child", and "mothers and children growing together".
Conclusion
Mothers of young MLPT children experienced difficulties due to concerns about their child's health, growth and development, and insufficient child-rearing support. Therefore, social support systems should be strengthened and more aggressive nursing strategies should be adopted for mothers of young MLPT children.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Impact of the child's birth weight on maternal misperceptions of young children's weight: A retrospective study with nationally representative data
    Sangmi Lee
    Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of moderate-to-late preterm birth on neurodevelopmental outcomes in young children: Results from retrospective longitudinal follow-up with nationally representative data
    Sangmi Lee, Yuri Han, Min Kyung Lim, Hun Jae Lee, Shaonong Dang
    PLOS ONE.2023; 18(11): e0294435.     CrossRef
  • 5,337 View
  • 162 Download
  • 2 Crossref
Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among parenting role sharing, parenting stress, happiness, and parenting behavior of mothers with 6-year-old children.
Methods
This study used data from the seventh Panel Study of Korean Children, which began collecting longitudinal data on a sample of newborn households nationwide in 2008 and will continue yearly until 2027. The participants were 1,560 mothers of children aged 6 years. We conducted statistical analyses using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression.
Results
The mean age of the mothers was 36.8±3.7 years. The mothers' perceived parenting role sharing (r=.07, p=.007), parenting stress (r=-.54, p<.001), and happiness (r=.38, p<.001) were significantly correlated with warm parenting behavior. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that parenting stress (β=-.47, p<.001), happiness (β=.15, p<.001), and parenting role sharing (β=.11, p<.001) were significant predictors for warm parenting behavior by mothers.
Conclusion
It is essential to reduce mothers' stress and increase their positive emotions (happiness). Fathers should actively share parenting roles in raising children to enhance mothers' warm parenting behavior.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Relationship Satisfaction in Relation to Gender Essentialism and Gender Equality Views
    Dorottya Ocsenás, Judit Kovács
    Marriage & Family Review.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Parenting, Peer Relationships, and School Adaptation’s Influence on Self-Perception in Adolescents with Chronic Atopic Disease
    YeoJin Im, Sunyoung Jung, Eunjung Kim, YoungAh Park
    International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.2025; 187(1): 11.     CrossRef
  • 6,510 View
  • 198 Download
  • 2 Crossref

Review Article

Effects of parenting education programs for refugee and migrant parents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
In-Sook Lee, Eunjung Kim
Child Health Nurs Res 2022;28(1):23-40.   Published online January 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2022.28.1.23
Purpose
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of parenting education programs (PEPs) for refugee and migrant parents.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies published from 2000 to 2020 were identified through a systematic search of six electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, RISS, KMBASE). A meta-analysis of the studies was then undertaken.
Results
Of the 14,996 published works identified, 23 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, and 19 studies were analyzed to estimate the effect sizes (standardized mean differences) of the PEPs using random-effect models. PEPs were effective for parenting efficacy (effect size [ES]=1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-1.66), positive parenting behaviors (ES=0.51; 95% CI: 0.30-0.73), parent-child relationships (ES=0.38; 95% CI: 0.22-0.53), and parenting stress (ES=0.64; 95% CI: 0.50-0.79). There were statistically significant differences in the effect sizes of PEPs that included mothers only (ES=0.93), included children under 7 years of age(ES=0.91), did not include child participation (0.77), continued for 19 or more sessions (ES=0.80), and were analyzed in quasi-experimental studies (ES=0.86). The overall effect of publication bias was robust.
Conclusion
PEPs were found to be effective at improving parenting efficacy, positive parenting behaviors, parent-child relationships, and parenting stress.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Pilot Evaluation of the Families Make the Difference Parenting Program With Arab Families Residing in Berlin, Germany
    Sascha Hein, Isabell Schuster, Israa Alassi, Aumnia Mohamad
    European Journal of Psychology and Educational Res.2025; 8(1): 35.     CrossRef
  • Parents’ and Children’s Emotional Well-Being and Language Beliefs in Heritage Bilingual Families
    Paola Bonifacci, Claudia Borghetti, Martina Cangelosi
    European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psych.2024; 14(9): 2509.     CrossRef
  • Using normalisation process theory to identify factors facilitating the scaling up of parenting programs for immigrant parents
    Fatumo Osman, Ulla-Karin Schön, Raziye Salari
    Frontiers in Psychology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 7,479 View
  • 200 Download
  • 3 Crossref

Original Articles

Purpose
This study aimed to comprehensively explore the associations of socioeconomic status, parenting style, and grit with children's health behaviors.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of 1,040 parents and their children using data from the 2018 Korean Children's Panel Survey. Socioeconomic status was measured in terms of household income and subjective socioeconomic status. Parenting style and grit and were measured using 62 and 8 items, respectively. Health behaviors were measured by assessing healthy eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior.
Results
Higher household income (β=.07, p=.018) and high maternal levels of an authoritative parenting style (β=.20, p<.001) were associated with higher compliance with healthy eating habits among children. Higher grit was associated with a higher number of weekly physical activity days (β=.08, p=.028) and sedentary behavior for <2 hours (odds ratio [OR]=1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01-1.07) in children. A maternal permissive parenting style was associated with sedentary behavior for >2 hours on weekdays (OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.27-0.69).
Conclusion
We suggest that when planning interventions to improve children's health behavior, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach that avoids practicing a maternal permissive parenting style, promotes an authoritative parenting style, and incorporates strategies to increase children's grit.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Longitudinal Relations Between Maternal Parenting Styles and Preschoolers’ Externalizing Problem Behaviors: A Chain Mediation Model
    Linlin Liang, Ni Zhang, Wen Liu, Linlin Lin, Xue Zhang
    Child & Youth Care Forum.2025; 54(2): 453.     CrossRef
  • The Evolving Role of Grit: Shifts in Depression Risk Among High- and Low-Grit Individuals During COVID-19
    Nicholas Lassi
    Healthcare.2025; 13(7): 793.     CrossRef
  • Association between the urine tobacco metabolite levels and physical health in Chinese primary school students with secondhand smoke exposure
    Menghan Cheng, Miao Zhang, Wen Fang, Hong Qin, Yue Pan, Shengyi Chen, Guiqi Cao, Yao Zhang, Yu Lu
    Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Parenting practices and adolescents’ mental health: Serial mediation by parental acceptance and adolescents’ grit
    Glen Johan Ri Young Lim, Shin Ling Wu, Chin Choo Yap, Pei Jun Woo
    Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies.2024; 19(1): 198.     CrossRef
  • Associations of Broader Parental Factors with Children’s Happiness and Weight Status through Child Food Intake, Physical Activity, and Screen Time: A Longitudinal Modeling Analysis of South Korean Families
    Kay W. Kim, Jan L. Wallander, Bokyung Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research an.2024; 21(2): 176.     CrossRef
  • Father-child attachment on children’s screen time: mediating role of ego resilience
    Hwa-Mi Yang, Hye-Ryoung Kim
    BMC Pediatrics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Socioeconomic status and health behavior in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review
    Nirmal Gautam, Getenet Dessie, Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, Rasheda Khanam
    Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 7,797 View
  • 210 Download
  • 7 Crossref
First-time fathers' experiences during their transition to parenthood: A study of Korean fathers
Nan Iee Noh
Child Health Nurs Res 2021;27(3):286-296.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.3.286
Purpose
This study was conducted to explore first-time fathers' experiences during their transition to parenthood in South Korea.
Methods
Data were collected from September 2019 to February 2020 through in-depth interviews that were conducted individually with 12 participants. First-time fathers with children under 2 months of age were recruited. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method.
Results
Four theme clusters were identified: Preparing to become a father, challenges of becoming a father, motivation to foster familial bonds, and acknowledgement of fatherhood.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that Korean first-time fathers prepared to practice parenthood through prenatal education, taegyo, and feeling bonds with their new baby. They recognized their identity as fathers and experienced self-growth. These results would be beneficial for health professionals in developing perinatal care programs, and the results provide basic data for studies on fathers and families during the transition to parenthood.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Fathers’ lived experiences of fatherhood during the child’s first 1000 days: a qualitative systematic review protocol
    Telma Vidinha, Diana Santos, Daniela Pinto, Filipa Margarida Duque, Daniela Cardoso, Ana Filipa Cardoso, Maria José Magalhães, Tatiana Moura, Maria Neto
    JBI Evidence Synthesis.2025; 23(2): 416.     CrossRef
  • Experiences of first-time fathers in the transition to parenting: A qualitative study
    Semanur Koyuncu, Aygül Kıssal
    Midwifery.2025; 142: 104284.     CrossRef
  • First-Time Fathers’ Experiences in Antenatal Care
    Justine Belista, Vivian Lajara, Marc Lester Quintana
    Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Father-inclusive chatbot-based prenatal education during COVID-19 pandemic enhances maternal–fetal attachment in Korean primigravida women across levels of partner support
    Kyungmi chung, Kyungun Jhung, Hee Young Cho, Jin Young Park
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Metode Pengenalan Nilai Moral pada Anak Usia Dini dalam Kurun Waktu 20 Tahun di Keluarga Indonesia
    Nur Cholimah, Fitriana Tjiptasari, Septiyati Purwandari
    Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini.2023; 7(3): 3025.     CrossRef
  • Perceptions of fatherhood and confidence regarding neonatal care among fathers of high-risk neonates in South Korea: a descriptive study
    Jin Won Lee, Sunhee Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(3): 229.     CrossRef
  • Fathers’ Lived-Experience of Childbirth: A Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Inquiry
    Heidi J. Williams, Rodger E. Broomé, Nicholas Markette
    Journal of Humanistic Psychology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 8,388 View
  • 216 Download
  • 7 Crossref
Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the fertility awareness and attitudes towards parenthood questionnaire
Hyewon Shin, Minjoo Hong, Minjeong Jo, Jungmin Lee
Child Health Nurs Res 2021;27(3):256-265.   Published online July 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.3.256
Purpose
This study presents a translation, cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation of two instruments of the Fertility Awareness and Attitudes Towards Parenthood (FAAP) questionnaire (Conditions and Life changes) for use in South Korea.
Methods
This methodological study included 166 university students for psychometric evaluation in the sixth step. The first five steps included forward translation, backward translation, committee review, assessment of content validity, and a pre-test. In the sixth step, psychometric properties, including internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion validity, were evaluated. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to identify the structure of the tool and to assess its validity.
Results
The Korean version showed acceptable internal consistency. Cronbach's ⍺ was .73 for FAAPC-conditions and .83 for FAAP-Life changes. FAAP-Conditions showed a four-factor structure (social conditions, relationship with partner, external environment, and child-rearing support) and FAAP-Life changes had a two-factor structure (reward and burden). In the confirmatory analysis, CMIN/DF, TLI, IFI, SRMR, CFI, and RMSEA were satisfactory.
Conclusion
This study provided preliminary evidence of the acceptability, reliability, and validity of the Korean version of the FAAP questionnaire in university students in South Korea. Nonetheless, further evaluation among Korean young adults is warranted to validate this instrument.
  • 5,405 View
  • 117 Download
Purpose
This study assessed the levels of parenting efficacy, parenting stress, and acculturation stress of North Korean refugee mothers and analyzed their effects on parent-child relations.
Methods
A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected during 2019, and 124 North Korean refugee mothers participated.
Results
The mean score for parenting efficacy was 53.08 out of 90, that for parent-child relations was 37.84 out of 50, and that for parenting stress was 48.57 out of 90. The parental stress score was higher than that of child-related stress. The acculturation stress level was 90.66 out of 165, with the highest stress levels found for social isolation and distrust and the lowest found for perceived discrimination. Parenting efficacy, parenting stress, acculturation stress, and parent-child relations were significantly related in North Korean refugee mothers. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the final model had an explanatory power of 35% for parent-child relations (F=17.68, p<.001). Parenting efficacy was the variable with the largest effect on parent-child relations (β=.36, p<.001), followed by parenting stress (β=-.24, p=.010).
Conclusion
The findings suggest the need to identify ways to decrease parenting stress and improve parenting efficacy. Parenting education can guide North Korean refugee mothers to strengthen their parent-child interactions.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Development and effects of the PARENT (Parenting Acceptable Real Empathy Nurture Training) program for mothers who defected from North Korea
    In-Sook Lee, Jung-Hee Jeon
    Applied Nursing Research.2024; 79: 151839.     CrossRef
  • Parental Stress Associated with International Migration Processes: A Systematic Review
    Pedro Henrique Conte Gil, Carolina Da Silva Peixoto, Cesar Augusto Piccinini, Adolfo Pizzinato
    Universitas Psychologica.2024; 22: 1.     CrossRef
  • Research Trends on the Parenting Behavior of North Korean Defectors: A Scoping Review
    Ocksim Kim, Seongmi Choi, JiYeon Choi, Sang Hui Chu
    Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2024; 38(1): 55.     CrossRef
  • Linking acculturation stress, parenting stress and depression of Asian expatriates' wives in the USA with their distress disclosure intention: The moderating role of husband's support
    P. Praveen Kumar, K. Kavitha, K.C. Raja Shree
    Acta Psychologica.2024; 251: 104597.     CrossRef
  • Knowledge, confidence, and educational needs of newborn care among North Korean refugee women: a descriptive study
    In-Sook Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(1): 72.     CrossRef
  • Effects of parenting education programs for refugee and migrant parents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    In-Sook Lee, Eunjung Kim
    Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(1): 23.     CrossRef
  • Influence of hardiness, mother-child interactions, and social support on parenting stress among North Korean refugee mothers: a cross-sectional study
    In-Sook Lee, Jung-Hee Jeon
    Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(4): 269.     CrossRef
  • 6,913 View
  • 168 Download
  • 7 Crossref
Parenting experiences among fathers of prematurely-born children with cerebral palsy in South Korea
Jisun Park, Kyung-Sook Bang
Child Health Nurs Res 2021;27(1):75-85.   Published online January 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.1.75
Purpose
The symptoms and impairments caused by cerebral palsy usually require long-term treatment, resulting in a substantial burden on the family of affected children. This study explored the experiences of fathers with prematurely-born children with cerebral palsy, with a focus on how such experiences influenced their families.
Methods
A qualitative case study method was used. Nine subjects were recruited from April 2018 to June 2019 at one hospital, and each was interviewed three times by a neonatal nurse.
Results
Five core experiences of fathers were identified: "regret for an insufficient initial response", "confronting my child born as a premature baby", "the position of being a dad who can't do anything", "the process of treatment like a tunnel with no exit", and "a father's getting meaning in life through children". These stories covered an individual's timeline and family interactions.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that fathers of prematurely-born children tend to suppress their emotions; therefore, a novel intervention program to encourage fathers' emotional expression and to support healthier interactions with their families is needed. Moreover, our findings could contribute basic information for the construction of a community-based support system to aid families, including prematurely-born children and other persons with impairments.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Factors influencing fathers’ involvement in the care of hospitalized preterm newborns in Balaka, Malawi
    Patani Mhango, Alinane Linda Nyondo-Mipando
    BMC Pediatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 6,004 View
  • 226 Download
  • 1 Crossref
Purpose
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a community-based follow-up program on parenting stress, parenting efficacy, and coping among parents with premature infants.
Methods
A non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. This program consisted of structured home visits and self-help group meetings for 6 months. The experimental group (n=29) received visits by an experienced neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurse and the control group (n=27) was visited by a visiting nurse. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, t-test, and analysis of covariance.
Results
Parents' coping behavior significantly differed in the experimental group compared to the control group (t=3.14, p=.003). In particular, coping subscale I, for maintaining the family situation (t=2.63, p=.011), and subscale III, for understanding the infant's medical situation (t=4.30, p<.001), showed significant differences in the experimental group. There were no significant between-group differences in parenting stress or parenting efficacy.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that home visits by an experienced NICU nurse provided through a community-based follow-up program were an effective intervention to improve coping behavior among parents with premature infants.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A national survey of neonatal community outreach practices in England, Wales and Scotland
    Chuen Wai Lee, Janine Snook, Burak Salgin
    Journal of Neonatal Nursing.2025; 31(6): 101744.     CrossRef
  • Health education for preterm infants families during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of Indonesian nurses: A qualitative descriptive study
    Herlina, Yeni Rustina, Dessie Wanda
    Journal of Neonatal Nursing.2024; 30(1): 53.     CrossRef
  • Best Practices to Support Maternal Mental Health During the Transition from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to Home
    Jazmin D. Ramirez, Danielle Altares Sarik, Yui Matsuda, Joy Ortiz
    Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America.2024; 36(2): 261.     CrossRef
  • The effects of a hospital-to-home care transition program on perceived stress and readiness for hospital discharge in mothers of children with congenital heart disease undergoing corrective surgery
    Zohre Komijani, Meimanat Hosseini, Malihe Nasiri, Parvaneh Vasli
    Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 78: e66.     CrossRef
  • Effective stress intervention programs for parents of premature children: A systematic review
    Melissa Liher Martínez‐Shaw, Yolanda Sánchez‐Sandoval
    Stress and Health.2023; 39(2): 236.     CrossRef
  • Improving the self-efficacy of caregivers of children with seizures using evidence-based practice
    Malorie Brooks, Natalie Palau
    Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2023; 73: 53.     CrossRef
  • Development and Effects of Mobile-Application-Based Parenting Support Program for Premature Infants’ Mothers
    Hye Young Ahn, Hyun Jeong Ko, Hee Jee Jo
    Healthcare.2023; 11(19): 2639.     CrossRef
  • Effect of a Follow-up Program Involving an Early Intervention and Self-help Group on Parenting Stress, Depression, and Parenting Efficacy for Mothers of Premature Infants
    Eun Sun Ji, Jinhee Choi, Kaka Shim
    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2023; 27(4): 256.     CrossRef
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    Thao Griffith, Anamika Singh, Margaret Naber, Patricia Hummel, Caroline Bartholomew, Sachin Amin, Rosemary White-Traut, Lindsey Garfield
    Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2022; 67: e135.     CrossRef
  • Parenting experiences of mothers of moderate-to-late preterm children in South Korea: a qualitative study
    Sangmi Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(4): 247.     CrossRef
  • 7,720 View
  • 216 Download
  • 10 Crossref
Attitudes towards Parenthood and Fertility Awareness in Female and Male University Students in South Korea
Hyewon Shin, Jungmin Lee, Shin Jeong Kim, Minjeong Jo
Child Health Nurs Res 2020;26(3):329-337.   Published online July 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2020.26.3.329
Purpose
This study investigated intentions and attitudes towards future parenthood and awareness of fertility among university students in South Korea.
Methods
The participants comprised 166 female and male undergraduate students enrolled at five universities. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to July 2019 using the Korean version of the Fertility Awareness Questionnaire and Attitudes of Parenthood. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics based on participants' general characteristics, the x2 test to identify differences in intentions, and the t-test to evaluate attitudes towards parenthood and awareness of fertility in female and male students.
Results
Both female and male students desired to have two children, but they lacked awareness about fertility. The possibility of combining work and having children, along with the availability of childcare resources, impacted the desire for parenthood. Male students tended to consider parenthood as less impactful on their lives and careers than female students. Social structures might also impact the decision to have children.
Conclusion
It is important to provide health education emphasizing fertility awareness and parenthood in young adulthood so participants can consider these facts in advance. In addition, the government should provide resources for couples making parenthood decisions.

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    Hyewon Shin, Anna Lee, Sunyeob Choi, Minjeong Jo
    Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(1): 15.     CrossRef
  • Does perceived gender conflict shape young Koreans' attitudes toward marriage and childbearing?
    Min‐Ah Lee, Rira Song, Juyeon Park
    Journal of Marriage and Family.2025; 87(4): 1816.     CrossRef
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    Tahani Shar, Fatima Bakheit
    Cureus.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors influencing childbirth intention and the moderating role of values regarding children among nursing students in Korea: a cross-sectional study
    Yunmi Kim, Seryeong Kim
    Women's Health Nursing.2025; 31(3): 268.     CrossRef
  • Women’s Attitudes Toward Fertility and Childbearing: A National Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia
    Deemah Ateeq AlAteeq, Ebtihag O. Alenzi, Reema Abdulrahman Alamri, Abeer Abdulkarim Aloraini, Dimah Saif Alassaf, Nujud Ibrahim Almutlaq, Shatha Saleh Aloglla, Albatool Abdullah Almajhad, Rana Hussain Jahhaf
    Healthcare.2025; 13(20): 2616.     CrossRef
  • Gender equity and sustainable development through the lens of fertility intentions among highly educated women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Ruobing Mei, Minghui Tan, Mengyun Liu, Leesa Lin
    BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Parenthood intentions of 16–18-year-olds in England: a survey of school students
    Rina Biswakarma, Katherine Maslowski, Michael J. Reiss, Joyce C. Harper
    Human Fertility.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Reproductive Health Knowledge Among College Students in Northwestern India: A Cross-Sectional Study
    Shilpa Dutta, Akash More, Sanket Mahajan, Neha Nawale, Namrata Choudhary, Deepti Shrivastava
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Gender differences in willingness for childbirth, fertility knowledge, and value of motherhood or fatherhood and their associations among college students in South Korea, 2021
    Hae Won Kim, Seo Yun Kim
    Archives of Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • University students’ fertility awareness and its influencing factors: a systematic review
    Yue Ren, Yue Xie, Qulian Xu, Miaochen Long, Ying Zheng, Lin Li, Changmin Niu
    Reproductive Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The role of the Coronavirus pandemic on childbearing intentions in Iranian women based on path analysis: A cross-sectional study
    Mojdeh Banaei, Nourossadat Kariman, Hamid Sharif Nia, Tahereh Mokhtarian-Gilani
    International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine .2023; 21(1): 43.     CrossRef
  • Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the fertility awareness and attitudes towards parenthood questionnaire
    Hyewon Shin, Minjoo Hong, Minjeong Jo, Jungmin Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 256.     CrossRef
  • 8,741 View
  • 264 Download
  • 12 Crossref
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an education program for mothers of late-preterm infants on parenting confidence, breastfeeding rate, and infants’ growth and readmission rate.
Methods
The participants were 53 mothers of late-preterm infants (26 in the experimental group and 27 in the control group). The experimental group was administered the late-preterm care education program while the control group received standard care. The program consisted of two sessions during hospitalization after birth, one session at the time of discharge, and telephone and social networking service consultations at weekly intervals for the month following discharge. The collected data were analyzed using the t-test, x2 test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results
Parenting confidence and the breastfeeding rate were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the late-preterm infants’ growth and readmission rates between the experimental and control groups.
Conclusion
A care education program for mothers of late-preterm infants can be a useful nursing intervention in clinical practice.

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    Aloka L. Patel, Joshua Wilson, Melissa Holmes, Tricia J. Johnson
    JAMA Network Open.2025; 8(3): e250024.     CrossRef
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    Sinem Yalnızoğlu Çaka, Sümeyra Topal, Sinem Öztürkler, Fatma Tuncer Çelenkoğlu, Ayla Günlemez
    Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effectiveness of a Nurse-Led Infant Health Promotion Education Program on Knowledge Among First-Time Pregnant Women in a Middle Eastern Country
    Suhaila Halasa, Judie Arulappan, Nadin M Abdel Razeq, Mahmoud Ai-Hussami, Dua’ Al-Maharma, Ommayah Nassar, Manar Nabolsi, Shawqi Saleh, Ibrahim Al Faouri
    Sage Open Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Bita Eskandari, Roghaiyeh Nourizadeh, Esmat Mehrabi, Rasoul Heshmati, Reyhaneh Ivanbagha, Zahra Akbarivand
    Health Care for Women International.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
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    Maria-Teresa Hernández-Aguilar, Melissa C. Bartick, Paula K. Schreck, Elise M. Chapin
    Breastfeeding Medicine.2025; 20(11): 771.     CrossRef
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    Jennifer A. Joyner, Amy E. Papermaster, Jane Dimmitt Champion
    Journal of the American Association of Nurse Pract.2024; 36(6): 329.     CrossRef
  • Effectiveness of Postnatal Maternal or Caregiver Interventions on Outcomes among Infants under Six Months with Growth Faltering: A Systematic Review
    Ritu Rana, Barkha Sirwani, Saranya Mohandas, Richard Kirubakaran, Shuby Puthussery, Natasha Lelijveld, Marko Kerac
    Nutrients.2024; 16(6): 837.     CrossRef
  • The Effect of Video-assisted Breast Milk and Breastfeeding Training Given to the Mothers of Hospitalized Newborns on the Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Success: A Semi-experimental Study
    Esra TURAL BÜYÜK, Nazlı BALTACI, Şenay ÇOŞĞUN
    Bezmialem Science.2023; 11(4): 417.     CrossRef
  • A survey among healthcare professionals from seven countries reported diverse nutritional practices of late preterm infants
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    Acta Paediatrica.2022; 111(7): 1362.     CrossRef
  • Effects of a breastfeeding coaching program on growth and neonatal jaundice in late preterm infants in South Korea
    Gun Ja Jang, Sangjin Ko
    Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(4): 377.     CrossRef
  • Influence of a Breastfeeding Coaching Program on the Breastfeeding Rates and Neonatal Morbidity in Late Preterm Infants
    Gun Ja Jang
    Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 376.     CrossRef
  • Factors Influencing Breast Milk Feeding in Singleton Late Preterm Infants
    Su Jin Kim, Gun Ja Jang
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2020; 45(4): 311.     CrossRef
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  • 12 Crossref
Construction of a Model of Aggression in the Upper Grades of Elementary School
Sun Yee Yoo, Hye Young Ahn
Child Health Nurs Res 2019;25(4):425-434.   Published online October 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2019.25.4.425
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct a structural model that explains the factors affecting aggression among elementary school students and to verify their suitability.
Methods
The study period was from June to August 2018. The study subjects were fifth- and sixth- graders at an elementary school. In total, 291 surveys were collected, of which 259 were analyzed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 and AMOS version 24.0.
Results
The fit of the final model was acceptable (x2=160.08 [p<.001], GFI=.921, AGFI=.869, CFI=.919, SRMR=.057, and RMSEA=.086). Thus, eight of the 10 hypotheses were shown to be statistically significant.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that positive and open parenting behaviors and training children to engage in self-control are needed to reduce their aggression. In addition, considerable attention and education are required in the home, school, and society so that children can learn to properly recognize and express their emotions and establish suitable beliefs regarding aggressive behavior.
  • 7,499 View
  • 137 Download
Types of Parenting of Fathers during Early Childhood: A Q Methodological Approach
Sun-Jung Park, Eun-Young Choi, Ga-Yeon Ko, Bock-Soon Park, Byung-Jun Park
Child Health Nurs Res 2019;25(3):344-354.   Published online July 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2019.25.3.344
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine types of parenting among fathers. The characteristics of parenting each type in early childhood were identified by systematically analyzing and classifying father’s perceptions of parenting using the Q-methodology, which places importance on the perspective of the performer.
Methods
The Q-method, which is effective for measuring individual subjectivity was used. The subjects in this study were 50 fathers with young children (2~36 months).
Results
Four parenting types were identified analyzing the subjective perceptions of fathers with young children about parenting. One type was centered on character development. Another was centered on social development. A third was centered on physical health and development. The fourth was centered on building values.
Conclusion
Parenting education programs should be developed based on type-specific characteristics and further research should investigate the effects of father’s parenting type.
  • 6,767 View
  • 114 Download
Factors Influencing Physical Activity in Adolescents with Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Su Jin Kwon, Eun Kyoung Choi, Kyung Hee Lee, Yu-Mi Im
Child Health Nurs Res 2019;25(3):262-272.   Published online July 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2019.25.3.262
Purpose
We aimed to identify factors influencing physical activity in adolescents with complex congenital heart disease.
Methods
We recruited 92 adolescents with complex congenital heart disease from a tertiary medical center in Seoul, measured their levels of physical activity, and identified factors that influenced their physical activity levels using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, the New York Heart Association classification, congenital heart disease complexity, the Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Parental Bonding Instrument scale. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to determine factors influencing physical activity.
Results
Total physical activity was higher in males than in females (t=4.46, p<.001). Adolescents who participated in school physical education classes engaged in more physical activity than those who did not (t=6.77, p<.001). Higher self-efficacy (β=.41, p<.001), male gender (β=.37, p<.001) and participation in school physical education classes (β=.19, p=.042) were associated with a higher likelihood of engagement in physical activity.
Conclusion
It is necessary to develop nursing interventions that enhance self-efficacy in order to promote physical activity in adolescents with complex congenital heart disease. Physical activity should also be promoted in an individualized manner, taking into account gender, disease severity, and parental attitude.

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  • Children With Congenital Heart Disease and the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines: A Scoping Review
    Matthew S. Chapelski, Megan Tomyn, Kristina Sobolewski, Amanda Froehlich Chow, Leah J. Ferguson, Charissa Pockett, Corey R. Tomczak, Marta C. Erlandson
    CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease.2025; 4(1): 34.     CrossRef
  • Understanding the barriers and facilitators that impact physical activity levels in children and adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): a rapid review
    Alyssia Venna, Yves d’Udekem, Sabrina Figueiredo
    BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • One-year postintervention health-related physical fitness and quality of life among children and grown-up with congenital heart disease: An analysis from a tertiary cardiac care hospital, India
    Malabika Maity, Sitaraman Radhakrishnan, Sushil Azad, Ankit Garg, Samir Bhatia, Mudasir Ahmed, Soumit Roy
    Annals of Pediatric Cardiology.2025; 18(3): 194.     CrossRef
  • Early hybrid cardiac rehabilitation in congenital heart disease: the QUALIREHAB trial
    Pascal Amedro, Arthur Gavotto, Helena Huguet, Luc Souilla, Anne-Cecile Huby, Stefan Matecki, Anne Cadene, Gregoire De La Villeon, Marie Vincenti, Oscar Werner, Charlene Bredy, Kathleen Lavastre, Hamouda Abassi, Sarah Cohen, Sebastien Hascoet, Claire Dauph
    European Heart Journal.2024; 45(16): 1458.     CrossRef
  • Physical Activity and Executive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects: A Scoping Review
    Amanda Clifton, Neva Kirk-Sanchez, Gerson Cipriano, James G. Moore, Lawrence P. Cahalin
    Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease.2024; 11(10): 309.     CrossRef
  • Physical Activity Promotion Among Individuals With Tetralogy of Fallot
    Mackenzie Buchanan, Christopher Spence, Michelle Keir, Michael Khoury
    CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease.2023; 2(6): 322.     CrossRef
  • The discovery of a data-driven causal diagram of sport participation in children and adolescents with heart disease: a pilot study
    Jakub S. Gąsior, Marcel Młyńczak, Craig A. Williams, Aleksandra Popłonyk, Daria Kowalska, Paulina Giezek, Bożena Werner
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Physical activity modification in youth with congenital heart disease: a comprehensive narrative review
    Arend W. van Deutekom, Adam J. Lewandowski
    Pediatric Research.2021; 89(7): 1650.     CrossRef
  • 8,149 View
  • 236 Download
  • 8 Crossref
The Influence of Ego-identity, Parenting Efficacy and Stress Coping Style on Depression in Mothers of Toddlers
Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
Child Health Nurs Res 2019;25(2):196-204.   Published online April 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2019.25.2.196
Purpose
This study was conducted to determine the influence of ego-identity, parenting efficacy, and stress coping style on depression in mothers of toddlers.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data were collected from 164 mothers of toddlers, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS for Windows version 24.0.
Results
The factors influencing depression in mothers of toddlers included ego-identity, economic status, and perceived health status. These variables explained 60.0% of depression in mothers of toddlers.
Conclusion
Lower ego-identity was associated with more intense depression. Therefore, healthcare providers should develop intervention programs that can improve ego-identity to decrease depression among mothers of toddlers.

Citations

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  • Factors influencing children’s emotional and behavioral problems perceived by North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive study
    In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
    Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(2): 129.     CrossRef
  • Factors Influencing Changes in Parenting Behavior during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
    Mi-Ra Kim, Sun-Mi Chae
    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2022; 26(2): 80.     CrossRef
  • 9,113 View
  • 207 Download
  • 2 Crossref
Purpose
The study aimed to develop a play toolkit to facilitate infants’ and toddlers' symbolic thought and fine motor development.
Methods
This study used a methodological study design including two phases of development and evaluation. After reviewing the play culture and developmental health issues in Kyrgyzstan through a literature review and interviews with local experts and parents, the toolkit was developed and evaluated using content validity and utilization tests.
Results
The toolkit was based on Westby’s symbolic play and the fine motor milestones in the Bright Futures Guidelines. The Toolkits were composed of an overall suggested play schedule according to the child’s age, four kinds of play props, and a utilization guidebook for parents. The play props were a felt book, sorting and assembling blocks, cup blocks, and a tangram. The guidebook contained age-appropriate operating methods and alternative ways to use the materials.
Conclusion
A play toolkit was developed to enhance nurturing practices among parents of infants and toddlers. The findings may help facilitate effective interactions between parents and their children. Considering that nurturing care is critical for achieving better child health outcomes, enhancing parenting resources and parent-child relations could function as an effective strategy for promoting child health.
  • 9,929 View
  • 174 Download
Purpose
This study examined the effects of an empathy ability improvement program on empathy ability and parenting efficacy among mothers of elementary school students.
Methods
This was a quasi-experimental study using a pre-test/post-test control group design. The experimental group (n=23) completed an empathy ability improvement program, while 22 mothers were assigned to the control group. Pre-test and post-test analyses were conducted using the empathy ability scale and parenting efficacy scale. The data were analyzed using the x2 test and test independent t-test.
Results
The experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement in empathy ability (t=2.79, d=4.48, p=.008) and parenting efficacy (t=2.87, d=0.89, p=.006) in comparison to the control group.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that empathy education may be effective for improving empathy ability and parenting efficacy in mothers of school-age children.

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  • Effects of a Violence Prevention Education Program Using Empathy (VPEP-E) on Fifth-Grade Students in South Korea
    Kyung-Ah Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim, SoRa Kang, JungMin Lee
    The Journal of School Nursing.2024; 40(4): 361.     CrossRef
  • 8,257 View
  • 288 Download
  • 1 Crossref

Original article

A Model for Role Transition of Older Mothers with Preschool Children
Mee Kyung Kim, Hyang Mi Jung
Child Health Nurs Res 2018;24(1):37-47.   Published online January 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2018.24.1.37
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct a model to explain the parenting satisfaction associated with the role transition of older mothers with preschool children.
Methods
The participants of this study were mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children who gave birth after 35 years of age, and were drawn from 16 child care centers and 8 kindergartens in 4 administrative districts of B city. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 22.0 and AMOS for Windows version 22.0.
Results
Parental stress, mother-child interactions, parental beliefs regarding personality, and socioeconomic status (income, education, and occupation) had direct effects on parenting satisfaction. Social support also showed direct and indirect effects. Among the sub factors of child temperament, sociability had a significant effect. These variables explained 57.4% of the variation in parenting satisfaction.
Conclusion
The results of this study will contribute to the development of effective programs to enhance the parenting satisfaction of older mothers, and will help older mothers through the role transition necessary for the growth of their children.
  • 10,181 View
  • 293 Download
Original Articles
Factors Influencing Parenting Stress in Mothers of Preschoolers Born Prematurely
Sangmi Lee
Child Health Nurs Res 2017;23(4):470-478.   Published online October 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2017.23.4.470
Purpose
This study was conducted to describe parenting stress in mothers of preschoolers who were born prematurely and to determine factors affecting parenting stress in child’s problem behavior, mother-child interaction and parenting alliance.
Methods
An exploratory survey study was conducted with 66 mothers of preschool children (5~6 years) with preterm births (PTB). Data were collected using Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Mother-Preschool Child Interaction Scale (MPIS), and Parenting Alliance Inventory (PAI).
Results
Of the 66 mothers, 8(12.1%) showed high scores that were more than borderline for the PSI total score. In the multiple linear regression analysis, lower scores on the PAI (β=-.41, p<.001), higher scores on the externalizing problem behavior of the CBCL (β=.40, p=.001), and lower scores on the MPIS (β=-.21, p=.043) were statistically significant contributors to maternal parenting stress.
Conclusion
Findings indicate that mothers of PTB preschool children are at risk for parenting stress. Child’s externalizing problem behavior, poor maternal- child interaction and parenting alliance were independent factors raising maternal parenting stress. More attention is needed on paternal parenting support, child’s behavioral development, interaction with children for effective prevention and management of maternal parenting stress of PTB young children.

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  • Spousal support, parent–nurse partnership and caregiver burden among parents of children with chronic diseases: A cross‐sectional study
    Jihye Kim, Heemin Chae, Yoonjung Kim
    Journal of Clinical Nursing.2024; 33(7): 2649.     CrossRef
  • Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children
    Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(5): 630.     CrossRef
  • Parenting Stress in Preterm and Full-term Infant Mothers by Their Children’s Developmental Stages
    Kieun Kim, Hyejung Lee
    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2020; 24(3): 162.     CrossRef
  • 9,921 View
  • 236 Download
  • 3 Crossref
Factors Related to Parenting Satisfaction among Mothers of Preschoolers
Inkyung Jung, Young-Hae Kim, Hyun-Mi Son
Child Health Nurs Res 2017;23(4):449-458.   Published online October 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2017.23.4.449
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to level of satisfaction among mothers of preschoolers.
Methods
Participants were 359 mothers of firstborn healthy preschoolers. The questionnaires were collected from August 1 to November 21, 2012. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0.
Results
The mean score for degree of mothers’ parenting satisfaction was 5.94 out of 7. There were significant differences in the level of parenting satisfaction according to mother’s job (t=2.48, p=.014), planned pregnancy (t=3.07, p=.002), number of children (t=2.22, p=.027), and parenting education (F=4.33, p=.005). The environmental variables of age of spouse (F=3.06, p=.048) and monthly income of the household (F=2.87, p=.036) also seemed to have an influence. Analysis of predictors such as the mother’s job, planned pregnancy, parenting education, overall health problems, parenting stress, perception of emotional status and behaviors in children, age of spouse, and spouse’s support explained 31.5% of the variance in mother’s parenting satisfaction.
Conclusion
The results suggest a need to develop nursing intervention programs for parenting stress reduction, and health programs for fathers to support mothers’ child rearing.

Citations

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  • Parental Health-promoting Behaviors for Young Children in Intercultural Couples
    Hyunmi Son, Gyumin Han, Young-Sil Sohn
    Journal of Child and Family Studies.2024; 33(10): 3317.     CrossRef
  • A Model for Role Transition of Older Mothers with Preschool Children
    Mee Kyung Kim, Hyang Mi Jung
    Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 37.     CrossRef
  • 8,772 View
  • 241 Download
  • 2 Crossref
Purpose
This study was conducted to identify the sexual maturation, parenting attitude, maturity fear and emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school, and to examine the relation between these variables and factors that influence emotional and behavioral problems.
Methods
Participants were 128 second, third and fourth year students from 3 elementary schools. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 21.0.
Results
Emotional and behavioral problems were related to eating rate, eating breakfast, frequency of late-night snacks and main communicator on pubertal development. Emotional and behavioral problems showed a positive correlation with maturity fear and father’s parenting attitude (strictness) and a negative correlation with parenting attitude and father’s parenting attitude (intimacy). Maturity fear, father’s parenting attitude, eating breakfast, and main communicator on pubertal development had significant influence on emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school.
Conclusion
Findings show that for effective management of emotional and behavioral problems in elementary school girls, programs including coping with maturity fear, supportive parenting of father, diet education, and functional communication with mother on pubertal development should be developed.
  • 10,435 View
  • 218 Download
A Structural Equation Model on Quality of Life of Mothers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Chan Gyeong Park, Mi Yang Jeon
Child Health Nurs Res 2017;23(3):279-291.   Published online July 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2017.23.3.279
Purpose
The aim of this study was to explore how characteristics of ADHD children affect social support for mothers, parenting stress, parenting sense of competence, coping, and quality of life. The conceptual model was based on the Lazarus and Folkman’s stress-evaluation- coping theory.
Methods
Data were collected 208 mothers of children with ADHD. Data were analysed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs.
Results
The proposed model was good fit for the data based on the model fit indices. Parenting stress, parenting sense of competence and coping directly affected quality of life but characteristics of the children and social support had only an indirect effect. The explanatory power of these variables was 52.1%.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that nursing strategies to increase social support for mothers with ADHD children, lowers parenting stress, improves parenting sense of competence, and guides the parents to choose appropriate coping. In particular, as social support has the strongest influence on the quality of life, it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs that utilize social support for parents with ADHD children.

Citations

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  • Structural Equation Modeling for Quality of Life of Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Focusing on the Self-Help Model
    Mi Ran Yang, Mi Yu
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(3): 308.     CrossRef
  • 13,529 View
  • 245 Download
  • 1 Crossref
Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Helicopter Parenting Scale
Myung-Ock Chae, So-Youn Yim, Yong-Hwa Lee, Ji-Hyun Kim, Jina Oh
Child Health Nurs Res 2016;22(3):207-214.   Published online July 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2016.22.3.207
Purpose
Helicopter parenting is emerging in parenting as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children. The aims of this study were to develop a Korean version of the Helicopter Parenting and Autonomy Supportive Behaviors Scale (HPASB).
Methods
The HPASB questionnaire items were translated into Korean and reviewed by experts and Content Validity Index (CVI) in a preliminary study with 10 university students. During September and October, 2014 data were collected from 229 nursing students from five different universities in different locations. For data analysis, SPSS 21.0 statistics which included exploratory factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA were utilized.
Results
Content validity was over CVI .8. The 6 factors of K-HPASB were extracted and accounted for 59.30% of variance. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .71 indicating high reliability.
Conclusion
The Korean version of the HPASB was identified as a scale with a high degree of validity and reliability. The results of this study provide a valuable scale which can be useful in the study of parenting as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children in Korea. To enhance the positive aspect of helicopter parenting, we suggest the development of intervention programs on parenting.

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  • Helikopter Anababalık ve Özerklik Destekleyici Davranışlar Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
    Figen ÇOK, Cansu Hazal GÜÇLÜ, H. Kübra ÖZDOĞAN, Semih TOPUZ
    Ankara Universitesi Egitim Bilimleri Fakultesi Der.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Influence of Perceived Helicopter Parenting, Critical Thinking Disposition, Cognitive Ability, and Learning Motivation on Learning Behavior among Nursing Students
    Hyunjoo Oh, Haeryun Cho, So Youn Yim
    International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(3): 1362.     CrossRef
  • The effect of behavioral control parenting on adolescents’ self-esteem: The mediated roles of separation from parents and perceived mattering to parents
    GoWoon Suh
    THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY.2019; 32(2): 43.     CrossRef
  • Perceived Helicopter Parenting and Korean Emerging Adults’ Psychological Adjustment: The Mediational Role of Parent–Child Affection and Pressure from Parental Career Expectations
    Jaerim Lee, Sieun Kang
    Journal of Child and Family Studies.2018; 27(11): 3672.     CrossRef
  • Mothers’ Helicopter Parenting and Subjective Well-being
    Gyesook Yoo, Ki Na Hwi, Yang Da Yeon
    Journal of Life-span Studies.2018; 8(2): 89.     CrossRef
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  • 166 Download
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Effects of Parenting Stress in North Korean Refugee Fathers on Their Parenting Behavior
In-Sook Lee, Jung-Hee Jeon
Child Health Nurs Res 2016;22(3):182-189.   Published online July 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2016.22.3.182
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify effects of parenting stress in North Korean refugee fathers on their parenting behavior.
Methods
A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected during 2014 and 2015 in a settlement support center for North Korean refugees and 99 North Korean refugee fathers participated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0.
Results
Warmth․encouragement parenting behavior received the highest score. The score for parenting stress was 81.98 out of 180, and 32.3% of participants were found to need professional help (≥PSI 90). There were significant negative correlations between warmth․encouragement parenting behavior and parenting stress. There were also significant positive correlations between rejection․neglect parenting behavior and parenting stress. Predictors of warmth․encouragement behavior were parent-child dysfunctional interaction which explained 10.1% of the variance. Predictors of rejection․neglect behavior were parent-child dysfunctional interaction, number of children and wife’s education level which explained 33.4% of the variance.
Conclusion
Findings show that North Korean refugee fathers’ parenting stress significantly influenced warmth․encouragement and rejection․neglect parenting behavior indicating a need to identify ways to decrease parenting stress. Parenting education can guide North Korean refugee fathers to strengthen parent-child positive interactions and therefore promote their children’s growth and development.

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  • Ambiguous Loss, Continuing Bonds, and Post-Separation Growth in North Korean Defector Women
    Kyong Ah Kim, Richard M. Lee, Hyein Chang
    Journal of Loss and Trauma.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • 가족관계에서 탈북청년들의 신념변화에 관한 질적 연구: 부모-자녀관계에서 ‘좋은 부모’에 관한 인식을 중심으로*
    주람 전, 일현 배, 지홍 배, 윤정 신
    Journal of Family Relations.2024; 28(4): 93.     CrossRef
  • Development and effects of the PARENT (Parenting Acceptable Real Empathy Nurture Training) program for mothers who defected from North Korea
    In-Sook Lee, Jung-Hee Jeon
    Applied Nursing Research.2024; 79: 151839.     CrossRef
  • Research Trends on the Parenting Behavior of North Korean Defectors: A Scoping Review
    Ocksim Kim, Seongmi Choi, JiYeon Choi, Sang Hui Chu
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  • Influence of parenting efficacy, parenting stress, and acculturation stress on parent-child relations among North Korean refugee mothers
    In-Sook Lee, Jung-Hee Jeon
    Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(2): 171.     CrossRef
  • Stress e competenze genitoriali nelle separazioni giudiziarie. Analisi dei fattori protettivi e di rischio nelle relazioni parentali
    Daniela Pajardi, Monia Vagni, Valeria Giostra, Viviana La Spada, Tiziana Maiorano
    RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA.2019; (4): 693.     CrossRef
  • Structural Equation Model for Psychosocial Adjustment in North Korean Adolescent Refugees
    Insook Lee
    Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 287.     CrossRef
  • 10,310 View
  • 136 Download
  • 7 Crossref
An Analysis of Factors Influencing Parenting Stress in Children with Epilepsy
Mi-na Jang, Heesoon Kim
Child Health Nurs Res 2016;22(3):163-171.   Published online July 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2016.22.3.163
Purpose
This study was done to explore disease factors in children with epilepsy, parental factors and resource factors that are related to parenting stress and identify effects of each factor on parenting stress.
Methods
Participants were 131 parents who had children who visited a hospital or were hospitalized due to epilepsy. Data collection was done between September 17 and November 17, 2012, and self-report surveys were used.
Results
In Stepwise multiple regression analysis, factors influencing parenting stress in children with epilepsy were marital communication, educational background of parents, parenting efficacy, children’s development delay, drug treatment and surgical treatment as a method of epilepsy treatment. These factors explained 34.6% (F = 13.22, p < .001) of the variance in parenting stress.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that parental factors (educational background of parents and parenting efficacy) and resource factors (marital communication) have higher explanatory power than disease factors of the children. Thus, it is importance to assess the capacity of parents through self-evaluation, and to assess barriers to marital communication when developing parenting stress intervention programs. Furthermore, both parents should be involved in interventions for parenting stress.

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  • Development of a parent questionnaire to assess treatment adherence for a child or adolescent with epilepsy
    Juna Lee, Ju Young Yoon
    Epilepsy & Behavior.2023; 140: 109112.     CrossRef
  • Structural Equation Modeling for Quality of Life of Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Focusing on the Self-Help Model
    Mi Ran Yang, Mi Yu
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(3): 308.     CrossRef
  • 11,151 View
  • 249 Download
  • 2 Crossref
Parenting Experience of Parents with Chronically Ill Children
Eun Sook Park, Kee Hyoung Lee, Won Oak Oh, Yeo jin Im, Eun ji Cho
Child Health Nurs Res 2015;21(3):272-284.   Published online July 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2015.21.3.272
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to describe the parenting experience of parents of children with chronic illness in Korea.
Methods
A conventional contents analysis was used for the study. Twelve mothers of chronically ill children participated in the study. Qualitative data were analyzed using the Morse and Field method.
Results
Four categories, 10 subcategories and 42 codes emerged from the data on the parenting experience of parents of children with chronic illness. The four categories were ‘Sacrifice and full-engagement within self-mortification’, ‘Renormalization of collapsed daily life’, ‘Paving a new way for independence’ and ‘Growing together of myself and the family’.
Conclusion
Parents of children with chronic illness experienced not only negative aspects such as a confusion but also re-normalization and growing together. Based on the results, health professionals need to develop effective nursing interventions toward positive parenting for these parents and their children with chronic illnesses.

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    Jihye Kim, Heemin Chae, Yoonjung Kim
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  • Serial Dual Mediating Effects of Parenting Stress on Life Satisfaction among Parents of School-Aged Children with Chronic Conditions
    Jeong-Won Han, Boeun Yang, Hanna Lee
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    Won‐Oak Oh, Kyu Won Shim, In‐Sun Yeom, Il Tae Park, Yoo Jin Heo, Jihee Han
    International Journal of Nursing Practice.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The mediating effects of parenting style on the relationship between parental stress and behavioral problems in girls with precocious puberty in Korea: a cross-sectional study
    Ahreum Kwon, Young Il Cho, Hyo Jin Kim, Junghwan Suh, Dong Hee Kim
    BMC Pediatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Yu seong Na, Ji Hyun Oh
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    Istanbul Medical Journal.2023; 24(3): 267.     CrossRef
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    Go-Eun Kim, Eun Kyoung Choi, HyeJung Lee, Yu-Mi Im
    Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2022; 66: e152.     CrossRef
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    Youyoung Cho, Hyeonok Kim
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    YeoJin Im, Dong Hee Kim
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  • Parenting Changes of Mothers of a Child with Cancer
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  • Depression and Fear about Maturation in Girls with Precocious Puberty and Depression and Anxiety in Their Mothers
    이민주, 박신애, 백성환
    JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHIL.2018; 22(3): 162.     CrossRef
  • Mothers’ Experiences of Caring for Visually Impaired Children
    Sangeun Oh
    Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 219.     CrossRef
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    Suyoung Lee, Gaeun Kim
    Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 312.     CrossRef
  • 15,858 View
  • 257 Download
  • 13 Crossref
Content Analysis of Parenting Awareness of Fathers with Young Children
Sun-Jung Park, Ga-Yeon Ko, Eun-Young Choi
Child Health Nurs Res 2015;21(2):91-97.   Published online April 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2015.21.2.91
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of fathers about early childhood parenting.
Methods
Selected fathers of children in early childhood were interviewed, and an open-ended questionnaire was utilized to identify the fathers’ awareness of the meaning of parenting, priority for parenting, opinions on paternal roles as a child raiser, parenting difficulties, and what education they wanted to receive as fathers. After their statements were collected, a content analysis was done.
Results
Results of the content analysis showed there were 45 significant statements, which were classified into 17 categories. The fathers saw the meaning of parenting as being in five different domains: social, cognitive, emotional, physical and environmental. As for paternal roles, they thought that a fathers should serve as emotional supporters. The parenting difficulties that they faced were attributed to time constraints.
Conclusion
For fathers, development of parent education programs that deal with early childhood parenting knowledge, communication methods and how to play with children according to their developmental stages are required, and qualitative research should be implemented to keep track of the process of changes in parenting characteristics.
  • 10,181 View
  • 357 Download
Relationships Among Preschoolers’ Smartphone Addiction Tendency, Their Problem Behaviors, and Parenting Efficacy of Their Mothers
Hyun-Joo Lee, Sun-Mi Chae, Kyung-Sook Bang, Heeseung Choi
Child Health Nurs Res 2015;21(2):107-114.   Published online April 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2015.21.2.107
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among preschoolers’ smartphone addiction tendency, problem behaviors, and parenting efficacy of the mothers of these children.
Methods
A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was used with self-administered questionnaires. A total of 83 mothers of preschoolers aged 4-6 years and their preschool teachers from a kindergarten participated in the study.
Results
Mean daily time spent by the preschoolers on smartphones was about 45 minutes/day. About 40% spent more than 60 minutes/day on smartphones. The majority (69.8%) used smartphones without adult supervision. The level of smartphone addiction tendency among the pre-schoolers was 1.52±0.45 on a 4-point scale. Preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for more than 60 minutes/day showed a higher level of smartphone addiction tendency than preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for less than 60 minutes/day. Also smartphone addiction tendency among preschoolers had a positive correlation with hyperactive-distractible behavior (r = .228, p = .038) and a negative correlation with parenting efficacy of their mothers (r = -.299, p = .006).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrated that preschooler’s smartphone addiction tendency is significantly associated with hyperactive-distractible behaviors of the children and low parenting efficacy among their mothers. Therefore well-designed care plans for these populations should be provided to decrease smartphone addiction tendency.

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  • Types and contexts of child mobile screen use and associations with early childhood behavior
    Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Sharon Horwood
    Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2025; 70: 274.     CrossRef
  • Addressing the impact of smartphone use on children’s health: a comprehensive analysis of physical, psychological, social, and behavioral effects
    Mohammed Said Obeidat, Faten Hani AL-Shalabi
    Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science.2025; 26(5): 690.     CrossRef
  • Parent-Child Relationships and Children’s Addiction to Smartphones: A Review of International Studies
    Victor P. Sheinov
    RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics.2025; 22(1): 75.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, determinants and consequences of problematic smartphone use among preschoolers (3–5 years) from Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional investigation
    Faruq Abdulla, Md. Moyazzem Hossain, Mohammed Nazmul Huq, Abdul Hai, Azizur Rahman, Russell Kabir, Farhana Jahan Peya, Sinigdha Islam, Hafiz T.A. Khan
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2023; 329: 413.     CrossRef
  • Associations of smartphone and tablet use in early childhood with psychosocial, cognitive and sleep factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Merrilyn Hooley, Sharon Horwood
    Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2022; 60: 13.     CrossRef
  • Parental Factors Associated with Smartphone Overuse in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Gumhee Lee, Sungjae Kim, Heajin Yu
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(3): 349.     CrossRef
  • Pathway from Maternal Parenting Efficacy, Inappropriate Motives for Allowing Smart Devices, and Smart Device Dependency to Preschoolers’ Ability to Understand Minds
    Yun Mi Park, Min Ju Kang
    Korean Journal of Child Studies.2020; 41(6): 9.     CrossRef
  • Factors associated with Smartphone Overdependency in Preschool Children
    MinJung Lee, SungHee Park
    Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 383.     CrossRef
  • Effects of the Age at First Use of Smart Devices and the Amount of Time to Use Smart Devices on the Externalizing Problem Behavior of Infants and the Moderating Roles of Maternal Managing Behavior
    Yoon Kyung Kim, Ho Jung Kim, Mi Kyung Yoon, Ju Hee Park
    Family and Environment Research.2018; 56(6): 541.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Hyperactivity Tendency and Ego-Resiliency on Smartphone Game Overflow Among Young Children
    Ha Ra Ban, Nary Shin
    Korean Journal of Child Studies.2017; 38(4): 117.     CrossRef
  • 13,725 View
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  • 10 Crossref
Degree of Parenting Stress and Fatigue Perceived by Primary Caregivers of Young Children.
Sun Jung Park, Kyung Ah Kang, Sung Hee Kim, Shin Jeong Kim
J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs 2012;18(4):184-191.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2012.18.4.184
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nursing interventions to assist primary caregivers of young children by determining the degree stress and fatigue that caregivers were under due to parenting young children.
METHODS
Participants were primary caregivers (181 mothers and 160 grandmothers) of young children.
RESULTS
1) Mean score for degree of parenting stress was 2.61 (+/-.69) and for fatigue, 1.97 (+/-.54). 2) There was a significant difference in degree of parenting stress according to primary caregivers' age, employment status, income, whether the children were wanted babies, health status of the children and caregivers, personality of the children, and benefits from, and satisfaction with costs of childcare. Likewise, there was a significant difference in degree of fatigue according to relationship of primary caregivers to the children, primary caregivers' age, religion, income, whether the children were wanted babies, health status of the children and caregivers, personality of the children, and benefits from, and satisfaction with costs of childcare. 3) Stress and fatigue perceived by the primary caregivers were significantly correlated (r=.554 p<.001).
CONCLUSION
To alleviate more effectively primary caregivers' parenting stress and fatigue, early nursing intervention and educational programs need to be developed.

Citations

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  • Factors Influencing Fatigue in Mothers of Hospitalized Children
    Hee Seung Song
    Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 363.     CrossRef
  • 3,982 View
  • 39 Download
  • 1 Crossref
PURPOSE
This study was conducted to describe the relationship of perception of parenting attitude, behavior problems and resilience of school age children.
METHODS
Participants were 131 children enrolled in the 4th to 6th grades. Data were collected from November 29 to December 6, 2010 using a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire included the Parental Bonding Instrument, Korean version of Youth Self-Report, and Resilience. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 18.0 program.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in resilience according to gender, relationship with peers, academic achievement and school satisfaction. Resilience showed a positive correlation with parental bonding attitude and negative correlation with problem behavior in the children.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that interventions focusing on parenting attitude to enhance resilience should be developed to help school age children.

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  • Effect of Self-Esteem, Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being on Resilience in Nursing Students
    Young Eun Lee, Eunyoung Kim, Sun Young Park
    Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 385.     CrossRef
  • A Study on the Maternal Cultural and Emotional Factors Influencing the Children's Mental Health in Multicultural Families
    Mijung Yeom, Soo Yang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2014; 23(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • 4,277 View
  • 45 Download
  • 2 Crossref
PURPOSE
The main purpose of this study was to describe the relationship of mothers' parenting attitude as perceived by the child to self-esteem, and school adjustment of school age children with Tetrology of Fallot (TOF).
METHODS
In this study a self-administered questionnaire survey was used to collect the data. The participants included 38 children who were registered in a pediatric cardiology clinic in one tertiary medical center. Their ages were between 11 and 15 years. They were diagnosed with TOF, and had no other congenital problems. Data were collected from November 1 to November 30, 2009. After obtaining telephone consent from the mothers and children, questionnaires were mailed to 64 participants and 38 questionnaires were returned. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) WIN 15.0 version.
RESULTS
There was a significant correlation between perceived parenting attitude, self-esteem, and school adjustment of children with TOF.
CONCLUSION
Children who perceive their mothers' parenting attitude to be more positive also report higher self-esteem and better school adjustment. These findings are similar to other studies done with healthy school age children. However, parents of children with TOF may require different parenting approaches to foster positive self-esteem and school adjustment.

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  • School Adaptation Program for School-Age Children with Emotional and Behavioral Problems
    Haeryun Cho, Shin-Jeong Kim, Myung Soon Kwon, Jina Oh, Woojae Han
    Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 141.     CrossRef
  • The life experiences of Korean children and adolescents with complex congenital heart disease: A qualitative study
    Sunhee Lee, So‐Sun Kim
    Nursing & Health Sciences.2012; 14(3): 398.     CrossRef
  • 4,652 View
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  • 2 Crossref
Effects of Postpartum Depression and Temperament of Infant on Child-care Stress among Mothers of Newborn Infants.
Hye Jin Kwon, Kyung Hee Kim, Mi Hye Choi, Ju Yeon Cho, Young Mi Ahn, Ki Sook Kim
J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs 2011;17(2):69-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2011.17.2.69
PURPOSE
This study was designed to identify mother and infant related factors that influence child-care stress among the mother of newborn infants.
METHODS
Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The data survey was conducted with 957 conveniently selected mothers of infants when they visited a public health center in Seoul to have their children immunized.
RESULTS
The average item score for the Childcare Stress Inventory was 38.03, for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, 9.31 and for the Degree of Bother Inventory, 23.42. The CSI was positively correlated to EPDS (r=.44, p<.001) and DBI (r=.40, p<.001). Also these two variables explained 30.0% of CSI in infants' mothers.
CONCLUSION
These findings are expected to expand the understanding about postpartum mothers' child-care stress and can contribute to the development of comprehensive interventions based on community health nursing.

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  • Relation between Mother’s Taekyo, Prenatal and Postpartum Depression, and Infant’s Temperament and Colic: A Longitudinal Prospective Approach
    Kyung-Sook Bang, Insook Lee, Sungjae Kim, Yunjeong Yi, Iksoo Huh, Sang-Youn Jang, Dasom Kim, Sujin Lee
    International Journal of Environmental Research an.2020; 17(20): 7691.     CrossRef
  • Effects of a Group-based Parenting Support Program for Infant and Toddler Parents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
    SunHwa Park, Seong-Hi Park, Kyung Ja June
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2019; 30(3): 377.     CrossRef
  • 3,954 View
  • 54 Download
  • 2 Crossref
Structural Modeling of Parenting Behavior of Mothers with Preschool Children.
Ji Won Yoon, Hun Ha Cho
J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs 2011;17(2):111-119.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2011.17.2.111
PURPOSE
This study was done to build and test a theoretical model that could be used to explain and predict parenting behavior of mothers with preschool children.
METHODS
The participants were 298 mothers with preschool children. Data were analyzed using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) and AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) programs.
RESULTS
Parenting stress showed a direct effect on parenting satisfaction. Parenting efficacy showed a direct effect on parenting behavior. Parenting stress showed an indirect effect on parenting behavior. Parenting efficacy was found to mediate the relationship between parenting stress and parenting behavior. Income and mother's perfectionism had an impact on parenting behavior.
CONCLUSION
The outcomes of this study indicate the necessity of designing intervention programs that emphasize increasing parenting efficacy in order to increase positive parenting behavior.

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  • The Effects of Maternal Childhood Attachment and Paternal Involvement in Child-Rearing and Maternal Parenting Efficacy on Parenting Behavior of Mothers with Infants
    Hye-Jin Oh, Hyun-Sim Doh
    Korean Journal of Child Studies.2019; 40(2): 115.     CrossRef
  • Parenting Stress and Maternal–Child Interactions Among Preschool Mothers From the Philippines, Korea, and Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional, Comparative Study
    Yong-Sook Eo, Ji-Soo Kim
    Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2018; 29(5): 449.     CrossRef
  • A Model for Role Transition of Older Mothers with Preschool Children
    Mee Kyung Kim, Hyang Mi Jung
    Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 37.     CrossRef
  • Factors Related to Parenting Satisfaction among Mothers of Preschoolers
    Inkyung Jung, Young-Hae Kim, Hyun-Mi Son
    Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(4): 449.     CrossRef
  • Parenting Self-Efficacy and Parental Involvement: Mediators or Moderators Between Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Academic Competence in Japan and Korea?
    Susan D. Holloway, Emily J. Campbell, Ayumi Nagase, Soojung Kim, Sawako Suzuki, Qian Wang, Kyoko Iwatate, Sun Yong Baak
    Research in Human Development.2016; 13(3): 258.     CrossRef
  • The Causal Relationship between Maternal Parenting Stress and Self-Efficacy by Employment Status
    Nary Shin, Jaejin Ahn
    Korean Journal of Child Studies.2014; 35(5): 135.     CrossRef
  • 4,604 View
  • 33 Download
  • 6 Crossref
PURPOSE
The study was conducted to explore the parenting experience of mothers who have defected from North Korean.
METHODS
Nineteen mothers who defected from North Korean were recruited in Hanawon and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Grounded theory methodology developed by Strauss and Corbin (1998) was adapted for theoretical sampling and analysis. Interviews were recorded with consent and transcribed verbatim.
RESULTS
The core category was discovered to be 'pursuing positive parenting'. Phenomenon was identified as 'acting out of frustration' and this series of processes was categorized as having four stages: 'harsh reality', 'moving forward', 'seeking transition' and 'internalization'.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that their parenting experiences were in a transition process and, thus, it is critical to develop positive parenting intervention programs as a way to promote the empowerment of these mothers in parenting to help them support themselves and their children.

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  • A Qualitative Study on the Parenting Experiences of North Korean Refugee Mothers with Early Childhood Children
    Tae Woo Kim, Youn-Sun Won, Da Eun Cho, Eunjung Lee, Woon Kyung Lee
    Korean Journal of Child Studies.2025; 46(3): 131.     CrossRef
  • A Qualitative Case Study on Influencing Factors of Parents’ Child Abuse of North Korean Refugees in South Korea
    Wonjung Ryu, Hyerin Yang
    Healthcare.2021; 9(1): 49.     CrossRef
  • The Early Childhood Caring Experience of North Korean Refugee Mothers.
    Yae Young Kim
    Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(2): 102.     CrossRef
  • 3,908 View
  • 29 Download
  • 3 Crossref
PURPOSE
This study was done to determine whether a parenting education program using responsive teaching strategies is effective for parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior and behavioral problems in children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
METHODS
Participants in this study were 17 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by scores on the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. The parenting education program was developed based on Dr. Mahoney's responsive teaching curriculum. Mothers participated in the program once a week for 8 sessions. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Korean version of the Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior, and child pivotal developmental behavior. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test, and regression analysis.
RESULTS
After the parenting education program, no significant difference in parenting stress (Z=-1.00, p=.320) was found, but there was a significant decrease in the child's internal behavior problems (Z=-2.05, p=.040), and also a significant improvement in maternal interactional behavior and a significant difference in child pivotal developmental behavior (Z=-2.67, p=.008).
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that parenting education programs based on responsive teaching strategies are effective and that application of a program is recommended to prevent behavioral problems and improve maternal child interaction for children at risk for ADHD.

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  • Effectiveness of online responsive teaching in young children with developmental disabilities: a pilot study
    Jung Sook Yeom, Jeongmee Kim
    Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2024; 67(6): 303.     CrossRef
  • Effects of a Parenting Program Applying Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Mothers of Children with a Tendency to ADHD
    Hee Sook Kim, Gyeong Ran Park, Hyeung Mo Sung
    Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2013; 22(4): 330.     CrossRef
  • Teaching Status and Knowledge of Elementary School Teachers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
    Kyoung-Rim Kang, Young-Hae Kim, Young-Ok Yang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 136.     CrossRef
  • 4,101 View
  • 50 Download
  • 3 Crossref
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) among mothers who have defected from North Korean.
METHODS
A descriptive study was conducted to illustrate the parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, adaptation stress and PTSD and report the relationships among them. Data were collected between August and November of 2009 in Hanawon and 105 mothers who met eligibility criteria participated in the study.
RESULTS
Ignorant/controlling parenting behavior of parenting showed the highest score in our study. The level of parenting efficacy was 2.72+/-0.36 and adaptation stress level was 3.35+/-0.47 showing perceived hostility the highest and homesickness the lowest. Participants with moderate to severe PTSD accounted for 79.5% of the mothers, and 75% of them reported symptoms for 3 months or more. Authoritative parenting behavior showed negative relationships with parenting efficacy, cultural crisis and fear, adaptation stress and PTSD.
CONCLUSION
Mothers who have defected from showed negative parenting behaviors and high adaptation stress level and PTSD while parenting efficacy was high. These findings indicate that parenting intervention programs which can guide these mothers towards positive parenting behaviors need to be developed.

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  • 4,673 View
  • 28 Download
  • 12 Crossref
PURPOSE
This study was done to examine effects of a discharge education program using on-line community on parenting stress, baby care confidence for mothers of premature infants and health problem of premature infants.
METHODS
Using a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, 32 participants were assigned to an experimental (17) or a control group (15). Mothers in the experimental group were introduced to the discharge education program 2 weeks before the baby was discharged. They participated in the on-line community for 4 weeks after discharge. Parenting Stress Index and Baby Care Confidence Scale were utilized for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square-test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test with the SPSS program 16.0 version.
RESULTS
In the experimental group, mean scores for parenting stress were lower than for the control group (Z=-3.176, p=.001), while scores for confidence in baby care were higher than for the control group (Z=-3.195, p=.001).
CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that discharge education programs using on-line community have the positive effect of decreasing parenting stress and increasing baby care confidence for mothers and decreasing health problems for infants. Therefore utilization of the internet and online community to educate parents of premature infants is recommended.

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  • Effects of Systematic Discharge Education Program on Anxiety and Parenting Confidence in Mothers of Premature Infants
    Eunyoung Kim, Aeran Jo, Meenam Hwang, Hyunjin Moon, Daeun Jeong, Myungjin Jang, Choyeon Lim
    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2023; 27(2): 71.     CrossRef
  • Effects of a Community-based Follow-up Program for Parents with Premature Infants on Parenting Stress, Parenting Efficacy, and Coping
    Eun Sun Ji, Ka Ka Shim
    Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 366.     CrossRef
  • Experience of Becoming a Father of a High Risk Premature Infant
    Jeong Eon Park, Byoung Sook Lee
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  • Model Structure for Mother-Child Relationship for Korean Infants and Toddlers and Their Mothers
    Sun-Jung Park, Kyung-Ah Kang, Shin-Jeong Kim
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  • Effect of Child Development Knowledge, Rearing Knowledge and Use of Health Care Service on Maternal Confidence among Mothers with Premature Infants
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  • Effects of a Hospital Based Follow-Up Program for Mothers with Very Low Birth Weight Infants
    Min Hee Kim, Eun Sun Ji
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  • Parenting Stress in Mothers of Premature Infants.
    Hyun Sook Hwang, Hee Soon Kim, Il Young Yoo, Hyun Sook Shin
    Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 39.     CrossRef
  • Integrative Review on Caring Education Papers for Parents with a Premature Infant
    Mihae Im, Jina Oh
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  • Are Parent Education Programs in South Korea Really Effective? : A Meta-Analytic Study Using Journal Articles
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  • Effects on Maternal Attachment, Parenting Stress, and Maternal Confidence of Systematic Information for Mothers of Premature Infants.
    Hyo Sin Choi, Yeong Hee Shin
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Child-Rearing Practices and Parenting Efficacy of Marriage-Immigrant Women.
Kyung Eui Bae, Kyung Hye Lee, Young Hee Kim, Sue Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Ji Hyun Kim
J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs 2010;16(3):175-183.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2010.16.3.175
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify child-rearing practices and parenting efficacy of Marriage-Immigrant Women.
METHODS
The research design was a descriptive study using self-report questionnaires. Data were collected from May 16 to December 30, 2008. Marriage-immigrant women (n=186) were recruited in G Province, C Province and P city. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients with SPSS 14.0 were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The mean score for child-rearing practices was 40.61+/-6.67 and there were significant differences in child-rearing practices by nationality, and Korean language ability. The mean score for parenting efficacy was 67.67+/-12.14 and there were significant differences in parenting efficacy by age, nationality, marital period, age of first child and Korean language ability. There were significant positive correlations between child-rearing practices and parenting efficacy (r=.227, p=.002).
CONCLUSION
In this study, marriage-immigrant women showed a moderate level of child-rearing practices and parenting efficacy. Because child-rearing is mainly the mother's role in the family, knowledge, attitudes to child-rearing and parenting efficacy of mothers influence child-rearing practices and these then, affect children's health. Therefore child-rearing educational programs for marriage-immigrant women should be developed to support the mothers' child-rearing practices and improve parenting efficacy.

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  • Motherhood Ideology and Parenting Stress according to Parenting Behavior Patterns of Married Immigrant Women with Young Children
    So-Hyun Moon, Miok Kim, Hyeun Na
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    Hae Kyeong Kim, Eun Hee Lee
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    Ji-young Seo, Eun Young Kim
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Effects of a Home-based Discharge Program for Mothers of Premature Infants on Oxygen Therapy at Home.
Ji Min Lee, Soon Ja Oh, Kyung A Kim, Eun Jung Lee, Ji Yoon Lee, Moon Sook Hwang, Jung Sook Kim
J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs 2010;16(2):144-155.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2010.16.2.144
PURPOSE
This study was done to develop and test a home-based discharge program.
METHODS
The study design was a pretest-posttest nonequivalent nonsynchronized quasi-experimental design. Participants were mothers of premature infants on oxygen therapy at home. The participants, 49 mothers, were assigned to either the experimental group (24) or control group (25). Data collection was conducted from September, 2008 through February, 2009. Maternal confidence and anxiety were measured using a questionnaire. Chi-square test, t-test and Repeated Measures ANOVA were used to analysis the data.
RESULTS
Two hypotheses, "Maternal confidence in the experimental group will be higher than that of the control group" and "Perceived anxiety level in the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group", were set up and both hypotheses were supported as there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
It suggests that the discharge program developed in this study is an efficient intervention method to boost maternal confidence of the mothers with premature infants and to decrease their anxiety; therefore, this program is expected to be of use in nursing interventions.

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  • Effects of Systematic Discharge Education Program on Anxiety and Parenting Confidence in Mothers of Premature Infants
    Eunyoung Kim, Aeran Jo, Meenam Hwang, Hyunjin Moon, Daeun Jeong, Myungjin Jang, Choyeon Lim
    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2023; 27(2): 71.     CrossRef
  • Are Parent Education Programs in South Korea Really Effective? : A Meta-Analytic Study Using Journal Articles
    Jaerim Lee, Jiae Kim, Donghyuk Cha, Hyanghee Lee
    Journal of Korean Home Management Association.2013; 31(3): 27.     CrossRef
  • Integrative Review on Caring Education Papers for Parents with a Premature Infant.
    Mihae Im, Jina Oh
    Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(2): 120.     CrossRef
  • Development and Evaluation of a Video Discharge Education Program focusing on Mother-infant Interaction for Mothers of Premature Infants
    Jin Suk Ra, Jiyoung Lim
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  • Effect of Optimal Humidification for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants During Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
    Jung-Sook Kim, Eun-Jung Lee
    Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 145.     CrossRef
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  • 5 Crossref
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of children's behavior problems and child-rearing stress to rejective parenting attitude in mothers.
METHODS
Study participants were 595 mothers who had children aged 3 to 5 who attended one of 10 kindergartens or infant schools in M or B Cities. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, CBCL (Child Behavior Check List), PARQ (Parenting Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire), and PSI (Parenting Stress Index Short Form by Abidin). Regression analysis was the statistical method used for data analysis.
RESULTS
The factors associated with rejective parenting attitude were child-rearing stress, birth order, mother's education, the major caregiver in the family, and the type of family. These factors explained 33.7% of rejective parenting attitude.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate a need to develop and provide parenting programs to reduce child-rearing stress in mothers.

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    Dong-Young Park
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Parenting Stress, Depression and Verbal Abuse of Infant's Mothers.
Mi Ye Kim, Dong Young Park
J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs 2009;15(4):375-382.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2009.15.4.375
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between parenting stress and depression in mothers of infants and verbal abuse. METHODS: The data for this study was collected from 174 mothers of infants 12 to 48 months old who either used one of two pediatric clinics or one kindergarten. The instruments used for this study were a self-report questionnaire, PSI (Parenting Stress Index Short Form by Abidin), BDI (Beck Depression Instrument) and Verbal Abuse Measure. Regression analysis was the statistical method used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean score for depression in the mothers was 14.7 (range: 2-35), for parenting stress, 81.86 (range: 44-142), and for verbal abuse, 37.9 (range: 25-79). There were significant positive correlations for depression, parenting stress and verbal abuse in the mothers. Significant factors influencing verbal abuse were child domain, parent-child domain. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there is a need to design interventions and develop programs for depression management and parenting stress for mothers of infants between 12 and 48 months.

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PURPOSE
The purpose of study was to identify the influence of parenting efficacy on health promotion behavior during early childhood and to provide baseline data for developing health promotion programs.
METHODS
This study was a cross-sectional survey research study. The participants were 202 parents of children in early childhood selected by convenience sampling. From October 1 to October 8, 2008 data were collected using structured and self-report questionnaires.
RESULTS
The mean score for parenting efficacy for these parents was 3.54, and health promotion behavior had a mean score of 3.21. The health promotion behavior was statistically different according to the child's health status, fathers' smoking habits, and mothers' eating habits. Parenting efficacy (17%) was the best predictor, followed by child's health status in early childhood (2%), and mothers' eating habits (1%) which together explained 20% of the variance in health promotion behavior during early childhood.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate that parenting efficacy of parents is an important factor for enhancing health promotion behavior in early childhood. Therefore, health professionals must establish strategies to improve the parenting efficacy of parents in order to promote health promotion behavior for children in early childhood.

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    Minyoung Woo, Sun-Mi Chae
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    Kyung-Sook Bang, Mi-Kyung Kwon, Mi-Young Choi, Bo-Yun Huh, Sophia-Jihey Chung
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  • Child-Rearing Practices and Parenting Efficacy of Marriage-Immigrant Women
    Kyung Eui Bae, Kyung Hye Lee, Young Hee Kim, Sue Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Ji Hyun Kim
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    신순식
    Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education.2010; 30(6): 175.     CrossRef
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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting depression in mothers of children with disabilities and to identify the relationships between the depression, parenting-stress and self-esteem.
METHODS
The participants were 100 mothers of children with disabilities lving in G city. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficients with SPSS/PC+ 21.0.
RESULTS
There was a significant relationship between depression and parenting stress (p<.001). Depression was negatively correlated with self-esteem (p<.001). Variables affecting depression were parenting-stress, self-esteem and family income. The three factors accounted for 38.7% of the depression.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study show that parenting-stress and selfesteem are the most significant factors affecting depression. There is an urgent need to develop nursing interventions to reduce levels of depression in mothers of children with disabilities and to help them lead a healthier life.

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    Sung-Ryung Kim, Chung-Sun Park
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  • A study on the factors influencing the satisfaction of life of disabled children parents
    Hyun-Suk Lee, Kyu-Soo Ha
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An Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Helicopter Parenting.
Yong Wha Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, So Youn Yim, Myung Ock Chae, Hye Rim Lee, Jina Oh
Child Health Nurs Res 2014;20(4):237-246.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/CHNR.2014.20.4.237
PURPOSE
Helicopter parenting is an emerging concept as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children. However, helicopter parenting from a nursing perspective has not been elucidated. Therefore, we undertook a concept analysis to understand the attributes, antecedents and consequences of helicopter parenting in the context of nursing.
METHODS
Using Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis, we analyzed literature on helicopter parenting to discover critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences of this phenomenon. Data were collected from seven electronic search engines. Twelve studies matching inclusion criteria were reviewed RESULTS: Three core attributes of helicopter parenting were hovering, highly deep involvement, and proxy decision making. The antecedents and consequences were retrieved from three important domains including social, parent, and child aspects. Surrogate terms were black hawk, hummingbird, and hovercraft parenting, and related terms were stealth fighter and Kamikaze parenting.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, helicopter parenting has both positive and negative effects on both children and parents. To enhance the positive effects, measurement tools for helicopter parenting and nursing interventions on parenting need to be developed.

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PURPOSE
The purposes of the study were to develop and test a model which explains the relationship among factors affecting behavioral problems in elementary school children.
METHODS
The participants for the study were 368 elementary school children and their mothers at 3 elementary schools in one city. Data analysis was done using the SPSS 17.0 program for t-test, -test, and ANOVA and the AMOS 17.0 program for theoretical model testing.
RESULTS
The theoretical model showed a significant goodness of fit to the empirical data (Goodness of Fit Index: .96, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index: .93 Comparative Fit Index: .95, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation: .06, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual: .02). Six paths were found to be statistically significant including from child rearing attitude to self-esteem, stress, stress coping and behavioral problems, and from self-esteem to stress and behavioral problems. Child rearing attitude showed a significant effect to behavioral problems by total effect. Self-esteem affected behavioral problems by total and direct effects.
CONCLUSION
Child rearing attitude and self-esteem of children are important factors affecting behavioral problems in elementary school children.

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