Purpose Parental satisfaction is essential for evaluating pediatric care quality and influences healthcare practices and performance. Pediatric patients frequently experience anxiety, affecting their and their parents’ satisfaction. Nurses play a key role in reducing anxiety and improving care interactions. Meeting parents’ expectations shapes long-term outcomes and impacts the hospital’s reputation. While instruments such as the Child ZAP (Zufriedenheit in der Arztpraxis) provide comprehensive measures of satisfaction, their use in Indonesia has not been explored. This study aimed to validate the Child ZAP and offer insights to improve pediatric care quality in Indonesia.
Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 139 mothers whose children were older than 5 years and received treatment at private hospitals. Structured questionnaires were analyzed using partial least squared-structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 4, and a disjoint two-stage method was used to test dimensionality.
Results All hypotheses were significant (p<.05), demonstrating strong support. All Child ZAP dimensions, treated as lower-order constructs, effectively measured parents’ satisfaction as a higher-order construct. Overall parental satisfaction significantly influenced behavioral intention and mediated its relationship with Child ZAP. The mother’s and the child’s age served as moderating factors. The research model exhibited strong predictive power, underscoring pediatric nurses’ pivotal role in improving communication among parents, physicians, and children to ensure quality care.
Conclusion The Child ZAP instrument effectively evaluates parental satisfaction by examining how children interact and communicate with medical staff. It assesses doctors’ engagement with children and their communication skills, highlighting nurses’ essential role in providing family-centered pediatric care.
Purpose This study assessed the levels of parenting efficacy, parenting stress, and acculturation stress of North Korean refugee mothers and analyzed their effects on parent-child relations.
Methods A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected during 2019, and 124 North Korean refugee mothers participated.
Results The mean score for parenting efficacy was 53.08 out of 90, that for parent-child relations was 37.84 out of 50, and that for parenting stress was 48.57 out of 90. The parental stress score was higher than that of child-related stress. The acculturation stress level was 90.66 out of 165, with the highest stress levels found for social isolation and distrust and the lowest found for perceived discrimination. Parenting efficacy, parenting stress, acculturation stress, and parent-child relations were significantly related in North Korean refugee mothers. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the final model had an explanatory power of 35% for parent-child relations (F=17.68, p<.001). Parenting efficacy was the variable with the largest effect on parent-child relations (β=.36, p<.001), followed by parenting stress (β=-.24, p=.010).
Conclusion The findings suggest the need to identify ways to decrease parenting stress and improve parenting efficacy. Parenting education can guide North Korean refugee mothers to strengthen their parent-child interactions.
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Purpose This study was conducted to explore Korean mothers’ experiences of the development of parent-adolescent relationships.
Methods The participants were 18 Korean parents of adolescents. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The main question was, “Could you tell me about your experiences of developing a relationship with your adolescent child?” The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory methodology.
Results The central phenomena of the experiences of parent-adolescent relationships among Korean mothers were “trying to reduce my expectations, but not being able to” and “having no idea where to go”. The major action/interaction strategies were “putting aside my desires and adapting to my child's needs” and “waiting and seeing at a distance”. The consequences included “appreciating myself and my child at the same time”.
Conclusion These findings indicate that mothers tried to adapt to their children's needs and to keep their children at a distance. Their efforts were influenced by advice from friends and family members. The findings of this study emphasize specific aspects of how Korean mothers experienced the process of developing respectful relationships with their children.
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Purpose The study aimed to develop a play toolkit to facilitate infants’ and toddlers' symbolic thought and fine motor development.
Methods This study used a methodological study design including two phases of development and evaluation. After reviewing the play culture and developmental health issues in Kyrgyzstan through a literature review and interviews with local experts and parents, the toolkit was developed and evaluated using content validity and utilization tests.
Results The toolkit was based on Westby’s symbolic play and the fine motor milestones in the Bright Futures Guidelines. The Toolkits were composed of an overall suggested play schedule according to the child’s age, four kinds of play props, and a utilization guidebook for parents. The play props were a felt book, sorting and assembling blocks, cup blocks, and a tangram. The guidebook contained age-appropriate operating methods and alternative ways to use the materials.
Conclusion A play toolkit was developed to enhance nurturing practices among parents of infants and toddlers. The findings may help facilitate effective interactions between parents and their children. Considering that nurturing care is critical for achieving better child health outcomes, enhancing parenting resources and parent-child relations could function as an effective strategy for promoting child health.
Purpose This study was conducted to explore experiences of the development of parent-child relations among Korean college students.
Methods The participants were 18 Korean college students. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, and the main question was, "Could you tell me about how your relationship with your parents has developed?". Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology.
Results The central phenomena of the experiences of parent-child relations among Korean college students were 'new realizations about parent-child relations' and 'competing against parents'. The major action/interaction strategies were 'having an equal status to one's parents' and 'keeping parents at a distance'. Consequences included 'going beyond the bounds of parental guidance'.
Conclusion These findings indicate that students tried to give back to their parents, and also endeavored to stand apart from their parents in order to obtain independence. Their efforts were influenced by their parents' efforts to be tolerant towards their children. The findings emphasize that Korean college students experienced the process of building new, interdependent relations with their parents.
Purpose This study was conducted to characterize the influence of achievement motivation and the parent-child relationship on ego identity in Korean nursing students.
Methods The participants were 217 Korean nursing students in the first and fourth year of university. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires composed of items assessing ego identity, achievement motivation, the parent-child relationship, and demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, the x2 test, and multinomial logistic regression analysis.
Results Ego identity was related to achievement motivation; moreover, the achievement motivation of students with moratorium and achieved identity status was significantly higher than that of students with low-profile moratorium and diffused identity statuses. Ego identity was not related to the mother-child relationship, but the father-child relationship of students in foreclosure was significantly higher than that of students with diffused identity status. The factors influencing achieved identity compared to diffused identity were achievement motivation, year in school, satisfaction with school, and having religious beliefs.
Conclusion These findings indicate that nursing students’ ego identity attainment was more influenced by achievement motivation than by the parent-child relationship. It emphasizes that highly motivated students can develop their own identities regardless of the parent-child relationship.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine current status of somatic symptoms of late school-aged children using the school health clinic and to investigate the influence of perceived attachment security and social support on their somatic symptoms.
Methods For this descriptive study, self-report questionnaires were completed by fifth and sixth graders attending ‘A’ elementary school in Gyeonggi-do. Data from 216 students were included. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis.
Results Most frequent somatic symptoms were headache, fainting, backache, numbness in a body part, and muscle ache in that order. More frequent somatic symptoms were reported by girls, students who recognized their family SES as low, students who used school health clinic often and students who were dissatisfied with school life. Somatic symptom showed negative correlations with attachment stability and perceived social support from family and teachers. In the regression analysis, the variables; low attachment stability, female gender, and low satisfaction with school affected more frequent somatic symptoms.
Conclusion Careful monitoring of late school-aged children expressing frequent somatic symptoms is required. Intervention programs to improve attachment security and satisfaction with school should be developed for school children, especially girls, presenting with somatic symptoms.
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PURPOSE This study was done to examine levels of temperament, parent-child attachment and depression of adolescents and verify its effects. METHODS Surveys were conducted with 500 students from two middle schools, one located in Seoul and one in Gyeonggi Province. Adolescent temperament was measured using the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory, parent-child attachment using the Revised Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and depression using the Children's Depression Inventory. Cluster, t-test, correlation and logistic regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS Characteristics of temperament were classified into 2 groups. The 'Adaptation vulnerable group' showed high Harm Avoidance and the 'Adaptation protective group' showed high Reward Dependence, and Patience. The 'Adaptation vulnerable group' showed lower attachment and higher depression than the 'Adaptation protective group'. Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance correlated positively with depression and negatively with attachment. Students with higher levels of attachment reported lower levels of depression. The logistic regression analysis showed that the 'Adaptation vulnerable group' was 2.16 times more likely to be affected by depression than 'Adaptation protective group'. CONCLUSION Results of this study can be used to develop depression intervention programs for adolescent psychological health and provide encouragement in the development of parent-child attachment.
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PURPOSE This study was done to provide a basis for future theory development by analyzing the phenomenon of parent-child relationships based on the 4 areas described by Kim (2000). METHODS A descriptive research design was used to identify research trends in nursing related to the phenomenon of parent-child relationships. RESULTS Before 1990, the trend in research design was quantitative designs, but since 1990, qualitative research has also been done. Mothers were the most popular research target for these studies followed by mothers and children together. In analyzing the 4 areas outlined by Kim (2000), it was found that most of the research was done on client domain and parents. The research concepts relevant to the essentialistic concept of research target, were 'child rearing', 'breast-feeding' and 'attachment'. For problematic concepts, the concept of 'stress' was continuously dealt with over the period and for the health-care experiential concept, 'adjustment' and 'coping' by parents were the main focus of research. CONCLUSION The results show that parent-child relationship research was mainly concentrated on research participants and concepts. In the future, improvements should be made in research development of nursing practice programs and development of theory, to address the complete phenomenon of parent-child relationships.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the components and content of nursing intervention studies on mother-infant interactions and to present strategies for future studies. METHODS Four electronic databases in the Korean language were searched to identify studies done between January 1998 and December 2011. The search yielded 145 articles. From these articles, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Mother-infant interactions in these studies were found to include verbal and non-verbal communication basic for optimal growth and development of the child. Six kinds of interventions for mother-infant interactions were identified as follows: sensory stimulation, education program, whole body massage, kangaroo care, visiting support, and music therapy. CONCLUSION Further studies with well designed clinical trials need to be done in the area of child nursing to provide evidence based data for the development of strategies to promote positive mother-infant interactions.
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Integrative Review of Domestic Research Papers on Breast-Feeding Intervention Eun-Young Choi, Bock-Soon Park, Sun-Jung Park Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2016; 17(1): 441. CrossRef
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PURPOSE This study was done to test a hypothesized model, the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM), on the relationship of family emotional climate, security of parent-child relationship, depression symptoms and eating problems in adolescent girls, to further understanding of eating problems in this population. METHODS With a convenience sample of 647 girls, aged 15 to 18, a self-report survey was conducted which included the Korean form of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) to assess eating problems. RESULTS The estimated results of the structural equation modeling indicated a good fit of data to the hypothesized model proposing that family emotional climate and security of parent-child relationship were associated with the risk of eating problems by way of depression symptoms. That is, negative family emotional climate and insecure parent-child relationship increased the risk of eating problems indirectly by way of depression symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings are consistent with the BBFM, which suggests a psychobiologic influence of specific family processes on children's stress-sensitive physical disease activity by way of depression symptoms. Therefore, the applicability of the BBFM for understanding adolescent girls' eating problems is supported. The psychobiologic pathways from depression to eating pathology should be addressed in future studies.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the parents and child relationship in traditional Korean society through the Korean classic novels. The Data were analyzed through latent content analysis in focusing on the parents and child relationship. Forty-six Korean classic novels written in Chosun Dynasty (from 1392 to 1910 AD) were chosen to analyze and they were represented the characteristic Confucian ideas. The sentences containing the expression of child-care and parent-child relationship were selected during intensive reading line by line and analyzed. Sixty-nine meaningful concepts were drawn out from 258 significant sentences by the similar meaning and common theme and classified as 3 categories and 11 sub-categories. The important parent-child relationship expressed in Korean traditional society were as follows: From the category of the Meaning of Child, 4 sub-categories were drawn; gift of heaven, successor of the family line, driving power of life, and rewards from the offspring. From the category of attitude to the child, 3 sub- categories were drawn; a notion of preferring a son to a daughter, close maternal-child relation, and expectation to the future of child. From the category of nurturing behavior, 4 subjects were drawn; Tae-Gyo(fetal education), affective behavior, socialization, and health management behavior. Above result helps to improve the basic understanding the relationship of parent and child in modern society. And by the understanding of child in the family, unhealthy relationship of parent and child can be prevented and furthermore family centered child health promotion can be achieved.
The purpose of this study was to identify of parent-child relationship, perceived social support and coping of female in late adolescents and its relationships.
The underlying assumption is that parent-child relationship based on internal working cognition affects on perceived social support and coping. The sample was consisted of 277 female students of college. The instruments used in this study were Parental bonding instrument (PBI)(Parker, Tupling & Brown, 1979), Personal resources questionnaire : PRQ-part II (Weinert & Brant, 1987), and Way of coping (Folkman & Lazarus, 1985). The data was analyzed using frequencies, correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and t-test. As a result, perceived social support correlated positively with parental care and negatively with parental overprotection. Perceived social support showed positive relationship with coping.
Perceived social support differed according to parent-child relationship type. The group of "affectionate constraint", high care and high overprotection, reported high perceived social support, but "affectionless control"(low care and high overprotection) reported low perceived social support.
The group of high perceived social support showed higher parental care and higher coping than low one. The group of high coping showed higher parental care, lower parental overprotection and higher perceived social support than low one. Findings from this study linking retrospective accounts of early parental relationships to current working models concerning the nature of supportive relationships are consistent with attachment theory that individual who, as children, experienced relationships with their parents that were independent-encourage, affectionate, and not overprotective developed working models of others as available to provide social support. This study confirmed that perceived social support significantly related to coping in dealing with stress.
, Ferdi Antonio
, Jung-Hee Jeon
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