Purpose
The purposes of this study were to explore knowledge, barriers, and self-efficacy in relation to pain management practice, and to identify factors influencing pain management practice in pediatric nurses.
Methods
A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were 237 pediatric nurses from a metropolitan city. Data were analyzed using t-test or analysis of variance and Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses.
Results
The mean percentage of correct answers on the children’s pain management knowledge scale was 58.8%. Child and parent related factors were the main barriers for pain management. Self-efficacy to assess children’s pain across developmental stages was particularly low. Pain management practices for assessing pain and non-pharmacological interventions were relatively low. Factors significantly affecting children’s pain management practice were current conditions of work department and self-efficacy in pain management, and these factors accounted for 37.5% of the variance in pain management practice.
Conclusion
The results suggest that an integrative education program needs to be developed to improve self-efficacy in children’s pain management practice. Moreover, good communication, building cooperative relationships with children and parents, and a more active role by pediatric nurses are required to carry out more effective pain management.

Citations

• Effects of nurse’s knowledge and self-efficacy on nursing performance in pediatric intravenous fluid management in South Korea: a descriptive study
  Se-Won Kim, Mi-Young Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(4): 288.     CrossRef
• Development and evaluation of a web-based acute pain management education program for Korean registered nurses: A randomized controlled trial
  Jebog Yoo, Jennie C. De Gagne, Hye Jin Kim, Juyeon Oh
  Nurse Education in Practice.2019; 38: 7.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Nursing Interventions for Pain among Nurses in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
  Eun-Hee Kim, Mi-Young Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 179.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide a critical assessment of evidence-based Korean pediatric research that can inform clinical practicability of, and future research on distraction interventions for pediatric procedural pain management.
METHODS
A critical review of evidence-based Korean pediatric research was conducted. Databases were searched to identify research that included an evaluation of a distraction intervention as an intervention for pediatric procedural pain management. The search yielded 68 studies.
RESULTS
From these studies, 14 were included for this review and all were recently published (2003-2014). Quasi experimental designs were most frequently used (n=12) and for 71.4% the focus was preschoolers. Audiovisual techniques were the most common form of distraction. In most studies clinical utility of the distraction intervention was not examined. Fairly consistent reductions in behavioral measures of pain in association with the distraction intervention were found but less consistent results were found for physiological measures.
CONCLUSION
Lack of methodological rigor limits the evidence for distraction interventions to reduce pain and fear experienced by children during painful procedures. Further research to analyze the cost and time-effectiveness and to identify consumer and provider satisfaction with distraction interventions is needed to determine whether distraction interventions are clinically relevant.

Citations

• Effect of Distraction Intervention for Needle-Related Pain and Distress in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Mi-Kyoung Cho, Mi-Young Choi
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(17): 9159.     CrossRef
• RETRACTED: Smartphone Interventions Effect in Pediatric Subjects on the Day of Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
  Li Li, Jianping Ma, Dan Ma, Xiaokang Zhou
  Frontiers in Surgery.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• An Integrative Review of Korean Nursing Studies on Pediatric Tonsillectomy
  Kyoung Eun Yu, Jin Sun Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(4): 416.     CrossRef
• Effects of Active and Passive Distraction Intervention on Pain Responses of Preschool Children during Immunization
  Eun-Seon Im, Jin-Sun Kim
  The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2016; 16(12): 102.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Smart Phone Individualized Distraction Intervention on Anxiety in Pre-Op Pediatric Patients
  Kyoung-A Lee, Mi-Kyung Kwon, Hae-Won Kim, Ji-Eun Lim, Chang-Ok Pyo, Chan-Sook Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 168.     CrossRef

This study was performed to understand pediatric pain management status and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. In addition, it aimed to provide basic data in order to establish effective nursing intervention strategies by confirming the barriers of effective pain management in practice. The subjects were 195 nurses working in pediatric units(general pediatric unit, oncology unit, neonatal unit, neonatal ICU, pediatric ICU) of 8 university hospitals and one general hospital. Data was collected by the questionnaire from the 3rd of August to the 20th of September in 1999. The instrument developed by Sanna(1999) to measure nurses' knowledge and their attitudes and the other tool by Cleeland(1984) to evaluate barriers in effective pain management was used. Results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Most nurses learn about the pain management knowledges from through regular curriculum of nursing school(62.0%). And almost nurses(90.8%) don't used to utilize pain assessment tool, but the "Faces Rating Scale" is the most frequently used by nurses. 2. The use of pain medication(65.6%) is most frequently taken by nurses as pain management and is followed by massage (55.9%), distraction(27.7%). 3. Nurses' knowledge level is moderate (Mn=3.07). Nurses don't seem to understand pediatric physical development (Mn= 2.86), psychological development(Mn=2.94) well, meanwhile they seem relatively quite knowledgeable about the way pain emerges. 4. Nurses' attitudes toward pain is based on behavioral and physiological responses to pain. They believe 'changes in behavior are a way of assessing pain in child' and 'acute pain increases the number of respiration'. Nurses are ready to accept pediatric pain, but are not positive in adopting pain intervention in practice. 5. The barriers of effective pain management are inadequate assessment of pain and pain relief(81.5%), ineffective incorporation among health professionals(80%), and lack of equipment or skills(80.0%).