Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the experience of depression in school-aged children from multicultural families.
Methods
Data from 1,812 school-aged children of multicultural families were collected from the 2015 National Multicultural Family Survey. Logistic regression was conducted based on complex sample analysis using SAS 9.4.
Results
Significant predictors for experiencing depression were lower self-esteem, lower Korean proficiency, less time spent conversing with the father, lower degree of parental interest, poorer school adjustment, greater difficulties with schoolwork, and experiencing violence at school.
Conclusion
This study showed that factors related to the individual, family, and school environment influenced the experience of depression. Based on a consideration of these factors, it is necessary to develop an effective program to prevent depression by establishing high-risk criteria for depression.

Citations

• The characteristics of WM in individuals with depressive tendencies: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study
  Meixiang Yang, Qinling Xie, Wenjing Xiong, Fei Xu, Meina Zhang, Men Wei
  Brain and Cognition.2024; 180: 106206.     CrossRef
• Stress Factors in Multicultural Adolescents
  Mi-Jin Kim, Jin-Hee Park, Sung-Eun Kim
  Adolescents.2022; 2(2): 326.     CrossRef
• The Mental Health of Ethnic Minority Youths in South Korea and Its Related Environmental Factors: A Literature Review
  Yeeun Lee, Minji Lee, Subin Park
  Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolesc.2019; 30(3): 88.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to level of satisfaction among mothers of preschoolers.
Methods
Participants were 359 mothers of firstborn healthy preschoolers. The questionnaires were collected from August 1 to November 21, 2012. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0.
Results
The mean score for degree of mothers’ parenting satisfaction was 5.94 out of 7. There were significant differences in the level of parenting satisfaction according to mother’s job (t=2.48, p=.014), planned pregnancy (t=3.07, p=.002), number of children (t=2.22, p=.027), and parenting education (F=4.33, p=.005). The environmental variables of age of spouse (F=3.06, p=.048) and monthly income of the household (F=2.87, p=.036) also seemed to have an influence. Analysis of predictors such as the mother’s job, planned pregnancy, parenting education, overall health problems, parenting stress, perception of emotional status and behaviors in children, age of spouse, and spouse’s support explained 31.5% of the variance in mother’s parenting satisfaction.
Conclusion
The results suggest a need to develop nursing intervention programs for parenting stress reduction, and health programs for fathers to support mothers’ child rearing.

Citations

• Parental Health-promoting Behaviors for Young Children in Intercultural Couples
  Hyunmi Son, Gyumin Han, Young-Sil Sohn
  Journal of Child and Family Studies.2024; 33(10): 3317.     CrossRef
• A Model for Role Transition of Older Mothers with Preschool Children
  Mee Kyung Kim, Hyang Mi Jung
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 37.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore perception of the clinical learning environment, resilience and perfectionism in relation to practice burnout and to identify factors influencing practice burnout in student nurses.
Methods
A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were 313 student nurses from three universities in B and U city. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, Scheffés test and multiple regression analysis.
Results
Mean score for practice burnout in student nurses was 2.92 out of 5 points. Practice burnout explained 44.7% of the variance in perfectionism (β=.245, p<.001), satisfaction with college life (β=.232, p<.001), resilience (β=-.228, p<.001), clinical learning environment (β=-.193, p<.001), satisfaction with major (β=.180, p=.001), practical relationships with peers (β=.128, p=.005), and satisfaction with clinical practice (β=.124, p=.039).
Conclusion
Research results suggest that the important variable for student nurses’ practice burnout is perfectionism. Therefore education is needed to develop strategies to manage perfectionism and reduce practice burnout.

Citations

• Compassionate Care: A Qualitative Exploration of Nurses’ Inner Resources in the Face of Burnout
  Sarah-Louise d’Auvergne Flowers, Mireia Guillén-Solà, Noemí Sansó, Laura Galiana
  Nursing Reports.2024; 14(1): 66.     CrossRef
• Influence of grit on academic burnout, clinical practice burnout, and job‐seeking stress among nursing students
  Se‐Won Kang, Eun‐Jin Choi
  Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.2022; 58(4): 1959.     CrossRef
• The influence of nursing students’ perfectionism tendency and perception of instructor caring on incivility experienced by nursing students
  Eun Nam Lee, Na Geong Kim
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing .2021; 27(4): 436.     CrossRef
• Structural Model of Professional Socialization of Nursing Students With Clinical Practice Experience
  Soo-yeon Kim, Yong Soon Shin
  Journal of Nursing Education.2020; 59(3): 133.     CrossRef
• Effect of Incivility, Resilience, and Social Support Experienced by Nursing Students on Burnout in Clinical Practice
  Eun Jung Lee, Mi-Hae Sung, Hye-Kyong Ahn, Yun Ah Kim
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2019; 25(1): 86.     CrossRef
• Burnout amongst Nurses in Cancer Wards: Impact of Nursing Professionalism, Perfectionism, and Resilience
  Eun Ko, Hye Young Kim, Gwang Sook Kim, Rang Soon Kim, Hyang Sook So
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2018; 18(4): 214.     CrossRef
• The Relation between Stress of Clinical Practice and Burnout among Nursing Students: The Mediation Effect of Spiritual Well-being
  Do Young Lee, Jin Kyoung Park, Mi Young Choi
  Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Educ.2017; 23(3): 300.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting turnover intention in pediatric nurses.
Methods
A survey was conducted with 212 nurses working in pediatric units at 15 hospitals in Busan, K city. Data were collected from September 1 to October 31, 2014. and analyzed with SPSS PASW 18.0.
Results
In Stepwise multiple regression analysis, factors affecting the nurses’ turnover intention were emotional burnout (β = .37, p < .001), relationship between nurse and doctor (β = .20, p < .001), turnover plan (β = .17, p < .001), and annual salary (β = -.13, p < .001), and these variables accounted for 32.2% of the variance in turnover intention.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that the major factors influencing pediatric nurses’ turnover intention are emotional burnout, cooperative relationship between nurse and doctor, turnover plan, and annual salary. Thus, in order to reduce pediatric nurses’ turnover intention, it is necessary to develop intervention programs to prevent emotional burnout, the most influencing factor, and enhance cooperative relationship between nurse and doctor and to examine their effects.

Citations

• Effects of job embeddedness and nursing working environment on turnover intention among trauma centre nurses: A cross‐sectional study
  Hye Ju Lee, Soo‐Kyoung Lee
  Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(7): 2915.     CrossRef
• The Experience of Emotional Labor and Its Related Factors among Nurses in General Hospital Settings in Republic of Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Da-Jung Ha, Jung-Hyun Park, Su-Eun Jung, Boram Lee, Myo-Sung Kim, Kyo-Lin Sim, Yung-Hyun Choi, Chan-Young Kwon
  Sustainability.2021; 13(21): 11634.     CrossRef
• The Relationships of End-of-life Care Stress with Compassionate Competence and Attitudes toward End-of-life Care among Pediatric Nurses
  Ki Young Park, Jeong Hee Jeong
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2021; 24(4): 235.     CrossRef
• A study on the intent to leave and stay among hospital nurses in Korea: A cross‐sectional survey
  Mi‐Aie Lee, Young‐Hee Ju, So‐Hee Lim
  Journal of Nursing Management.2020; 28(2): 332.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Shift Satisfaction, Sleep, Fatigue, Quality of Life, and Patient Safety Incidents Between Two-Shift and Three-Shift Intensive Care Unit Nurses
  Min Jin Chae, Su Jung Choi
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2020; 13(2): 1.     CrossRef
• Pediatric Nurses’ Perceptions related to End-of-Life Care and Turnover Intention
  Sook Young Baek, Sook Jung Kang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 353.     CrossRef
• Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment from Children: Experiences of Nurses Caring for the Children
  So Yeon Park, Hyeon Ok Ju, Ga Eon Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 364.     CrossRef
• Influences of Fatigue, Emotional Labor and Job Embeddedness on Nurses Turnover Intention
  Yo-Na Kim
  The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2017; 11(1): 67.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify relations among the parenting stress, maternal sensitivity to infant cues, parenting environment of first-time mothers.
METHOD
The participants were 194 first-time mothers of babies aged 1-6 months who visited well-baby clinics in 5 hospitals. The data were collected from April 15 to June 15, 2003.
RESULTS
The parenting stress level was moderate with a mean score of 2.4(range 1-5). The parent domain and parent-child relationship domain of the parenting stress scale were significantly correlated with maternal sensitivity to infant feeding cues (r=-.178, p<.05; r=-.197, p<.01). Parenting stress was significantly correlated with childrearing environment(r=-2.19, p<.01). Parenting stress and childrearing environment were significantly different according to the educational level of the mothers and their prenatal care.
CONCLUSIONS
Nursing interventions to reduce parenting stress in first-time mothers are needed to improve maternal sensitivity to infant cues and childrearing environment which foster infant development.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the concepts appeared on research and provide future research directions in field of child health nursing. 205 studies of the total 318 studies had been analyzed first for the concepts of the client domain and this time 113 studies were analyzed for the practice, the client-nurse and the environmental domain in nursing. The practice domain includes mentalistitic, enactment, knowledge utilization, role related phenomenon, the client-nurse domain includes touch, communication, interaction phenomenon, and the environmental domain includes physical, social, symbolic environment. All were originally published between 1990 and 2000 in Korea. An analysis of concepts for this study was used the metaparadigm framework for nursing proposed by H. S. Kim(2000). 1. 103 studies belonged to the practice domain. Among them, 56(54%) studies used concepts related to enactment phenomenon like education(21.4%), giving information(7.1%), breast feeding(5.4%), caring(5.4%), airway suction(5.4%), nonnutritive sucking(5.4%). 44(43%) studies used concepts related to knowledge utilization like program development and evaluation of smoking, mother-infant interaction, home health nursing, obesity management. And only 3(3%) studies used role related concepts like quality of nursing, direction of health education, contents of child health nursing education. 2. Only 2(0.006%) studies belonged to the client-nurse domain. One concept is empathy in communication phenomenon and the other concept is role conflict in interaction phenomenon. 3. 8(0.02%) studies belonged to the environmental domain. Among them, 3 studies related to physical environment like space, noise and 5 studies related to social environment like social support, home environment. But the concept of symbolic environment was not used. The findings of this study provide the evidence that research related to the client-nurse domain and the environmental domain should be conducted actively to improve the practice of child health nursing. So that the research in field of child health nursing should be dealt with the concepts of four domains to develop knowledge systematically.

The Purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence the self-esteem of the schooler of families in poverty. A descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study design was used. The data were collected from February to March, 2001. Convenient sampling was done from 194 subjects living in Jeju Do, but 167 subjects among these were used for the study analysis. Hierarchical Stepwise Regression was used to identify significant factors. The results of this study were as follows: In general, self-esteem status of the schooler in poor families was relatively poor. In stepwise regression analysis, self-esteem status was significantly influenced by emotional home environment, duration of poverty and frequency of parent-child tactics. These variables explained 26.8% of the variance of schooler's self-esteem. Conclusively, it is recommended that nursing intervention programs for schooler in poor family should be a focus to enhance the economic context as well as family effect.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of school children's internet addiction and to explicit the relationship among the internet addiction, family environment and school adjustment.
METHOD
The subjects of the study were 640 students from 5th and 6th year children of five elementary schools in G city. The data were analyzed by SAS program with frequency, percentage, means, standard deviation, chi2-test, ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient.
RESULT
In the degree of the internet addiction were 10.0% of addiction group, 58.0% of intermediate group, and 32.0% of nonaddiction group. There were significant differences in family environment score(F=25.09, p=.0001) and school adjustment score(F=34.46, p=.0001) regarding internet addiction degree. The relationship among internet addiction score, family environment score and school adjustment score revealed a significant inverse correlation(r=-0.32, p=.0001, r=-0.35, p=.0001). And the relationship between family environment score and school adjustment score revealed a significant correlation(r=0.52, p=.0001).
CONCLUSION
The degree of school children's internet addiction has been found to be very high and correlated to the family environment and school adjustment. Therefore, programs should be developed in order to improve this situation.

Recent research indicates that the new mothers want to learn about childrearing, and have burden in care of infants. Also it indicates that the new mothers say the lack of confidence and knowledge about infant care. This study was a prospective longitudinal reseach developing parent role education program and evaluating the effectiveness of this program for mother- infant interaction, childrearing environment and infant development. Longitudinal quasi-experimental design was used. The subjects were the healthy infants weighing over 2,500gm at birth, whose gestational age was more than 37weeks, and their mothers. The sample consisted of 19 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 18 dyads for control group. Data were collected from March 15th to December 14th in 1999. For the intervention group received programmed education that was consisted of discharge education, telephone counselling, and home visiting for maternal education. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effectiveness of intervention program. This study was focused on the results of six months time point. The results were as follows: 1. There was significant difference in the mean score of mother-infant interaction(NCAST) between two groups. Intervention group showed higher scores in the subscales of sensitivity to cues, cognitive growth fostering, and caregiver total. 2. There was no significant difference in the mean score of child rearing environment (HOME) between two groups of six-month- infants. But when each subscale of HOME was examined, intervention group showed higher scores in the dimensions of opportunities for variety in daily stimulation, maternal involvement with child, and emotional, verbal response. 3. Six-month-infants of the intervention group showed significantly higher GQ in the Griffiths mental development scale. In conclusion, the maternal education program was effective in promoting the mother-infant interaction, organizing the childrearing environment, and fostering the infant development. These results were very meaningful that we found parent role education necessary for normal infants' mothers, and nurses can make a great contribution in promoting health of infants and mothers.

The impact of childhood experience has lifelong significance on subsequent health and development. Especially, the experience of infant is mostly affected by the quality of parental care and rearing environment. But the new mothers usually do not know what to do because of the lack of experience in these days. Therefore, an educational program regarding maternal role would be necessary. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the maternal role education program for mother-infant interaction, child- rearing environment, and infant development. Non-equivalent control group time-series design was used, and Barnard's mother-infant interaction model was used as a conceptual framework of this study. The subjects were the healthy infants weighing over 2,500gm at birth, whose gestational age was more than 37 weeks, and their mothers. The final sample consisted of 19 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 18 dyads for control group. Data were collected from March 15th to September 3rd in 1999. For the intervention group, programmed education which focused on mother-infant interaction, breast feeding, and infant care was provided before discharge. Telephone counselling was provided within one week after discharge. Home visiting for maternal role education was provided twice, one month and three months postpartum. For the control group, home visiting was also conducted but only for data collection. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effectiveness of intervention program was determined with repeated measure ANCOVA and t-test. The results were as follows: 1. Significant differences were found in mother- infant interaction between two groups(p= .000). It indicates that intervention program was effective in improving mother- infant interaction. In subscale analysis, four out of six subscale showed significant differences between the groups: sensitivity to cues (p=.000), social-emotional growth fostering (p=.000), cognitive growth fostering(p=.000) in mothers, and responsiveness to caregiver (p=.019) in infants. 2.The difference in the mean score of childrearing environment (HOME) between the intervention group and control group was significant(p=.003). When each subscale of HOME was examined individually, intervention group showed significantly higher scores in the diversity of stimulation(p=.000), and mother's involvement(p=.001). 3.Three-month-Infants of the intervention group showed higher GQ in the Griffiths mental development scale(p=.026). In subscale analysis, significant differences were found in the personal-social(p=.005), and the hearing and speech(p=.003). In conclusion, the maternal role education program proved to be effective in promoting the mother-infant interaction, organizing the childrearing environment, and fostering the infant development. These results are very meaningful that we found maternal role education necessary for normal infants' mothers, and that nurses can make a great contribution in promoting health of infants and mothers.

The purpose of this correlational study was to find the correlation between the infant temperament, mother-infant interaction, and child-rearing environment. The subjects of this study were 37 dyads of healthy mothers and healthy infants. Data were collected from 15th of March to 3rd of September, 1999. Convenient sampling was done at Obstetric wards of one University hospital, and demographic data were collected before discharge. At one month and three month postpartum, we visited subject's home, and collected the data on the infant temperament, and also video taped the mother-infant interaction during feeding. In addition, child-rearing environment was checked by researcher according to HOME(Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment) at three months postpartum. Mother-infant interactions were rated according to the NCAST Feeding Scale later. Data were analyzed by window SPSS program, and correlations between the infant temperament, mother-infant interaction, and child-rearing environment were analyzed by Pearson's correlational coefficient. The results were as follows: 1. Infant temperament. 1) Among the subscales of infant temperament, mothers perceived cuddliness and amenability most positively at one month, and responsivity and amenability most positively at three months. 2) In subscale analysis of stability, amenability, responsivity, and persistence were stable with the time. 3) Significant relationships were found between the malleability and amenability, between the malleability and responsivity at one month, and also between the malleability and amenability, and between the malleability and cuddliness at three months. 2. Correlations of infant temperament and mother-infant interaction. 1) There was no significant relationship between the infant temperament and mother-infant interaction at one month. 2) There was a significant relationship between the infant temperament and mother-infant interaction at three months(r=.335, p < .05). In subscale analysis, there were significnt relationships between the total score of infant temperament and maternal sensitivity to infant's cues(r=.372, p < .05), and between the total score of infant temperament and maternal response to infant's distress (r=.331, p < .05). 3. Correlations of infant temperament and child-rearing environment. 1) There was no significant relationship between the total score of infant temperament at one month and total score of HOME at three months. In subscal analysis, the total score of infant temperament at one showed significant relationships with the organization of environment(r=.413, p < .05), and the emotional, verbal response at three months(r=.337, p < .05). 2) There was a significant relationship between the total score of infant temperament at three months and the total score of HOME at three months (r=.599, p < .01). In subscal analysis, the total score of infant temperament at three months showed significant relationships with the organization of environment(r=.410, p < .05), maternal involvement(r=.482, p,.01), and the emotional, verbal response(r=.695, p < .01) at three months. 4. Correlations of mother-infant interaction and child-rearing environment. There was a significant relationship between the maternal score of mother-infant interaction at one month and three months and the total score of HOME at three months (r=.474, p < .01; r=.452, p < .01). In conclusion, it was proved that infant temperament had significant relationships with mother-infant interaction and child-rearing environment, especially when the infants were getting older. This showed the possibility for changeability of infant teperament by the maternal factors.

In effort to conduct comparative study on the caregiving environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) in both U. S and Korea, this study was been conducted first in the U. S. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the physical environment and direct caregiving practices to lowbirth weight infants in NICU in the US. It also aims to examine the NICU outcome status and behavioral reponses of lowbirth weight infants.
METHODS
A study design using descriptive and inferential statistics was been conducted through an observational, field method. A sample of 15 preterm infants admitted to NICU were recruited for the study. The subjects were those with birth weight between 1,000 gm to 1,500 gm, born at the gestation period of 27 to 33 weeks, and without any chromosomal or maternal illness. Thirty minutes observation(three times of ten minutes of continuous observation) of the infant's behavior and physiological status, and an four-hour observation of the physical environment and direct care giving procedures were been conducted on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. The data to be collected were in four areas: the demographic characteristics of the infants, the physical environment and care giving procedures, the frequency of the infant's designated behavior and physiological response, and NICU outcome variables. A descriptive analysis and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson r were been applied according to variable characteristics.
RESULTS
1. Mother's mean age was 29.47. The sample consisted of 6 males and 9 females. Mean gestational ages were 29.17 weeks. Man birth weight was 1236.33g. Mean Apgar scores at one minute were 6.6, and 7.8 at five minutes. 2. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light, X-ray screens and nursing station, in proximity to side-lamp, telephone and faucet on the third day after birth. The location for the incubator was in the distance from the light and radio on the tenth day and in proximity to nursing station on the day of discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 3. Nesting was the most applying aids to the infants. And foot roll, shielding and plastic frame were frequently using by nurse for facilitating well modulated restful posture. 4. There were statistically significant changes in the patterns of physical environment included locating the infant's incubator and bedding, specificaids to self regulation on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day discharge from the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 5. Statistically significant changes were not appeared in the patterns of direct caregiving procedure to the infants included stress inducing or reducing manipulations on the 3rd and 10th day after birth, and on the day of discharge form the NICU or at 34weeks postconception. 6. The stress response of the infants in NICU were significantly reduced as the infants grow older. 7. There were not statistically significant correlation between the physical environment. and the stress responses of the infants in NICU. 8. The were statistically significant correlation between the direct caregiving procedure to the infants and the stress response of the infants in NICU in the second and third observation on the day three. 9. Average weight gain per day from birth to discharge was 38.73g, number of days in the hospital was 42.60, number of days before bottle feeding was 3.6. Postconception age starting bottle feeding was 31+5 weeks. Number of days on mechanical ventilator was average 7.64, 11.42 was an average number of days of oxygen need.
CONCLUSION
It, thus, appears that to minimize the senso-rymotor stimulation for the low birthweight preterm infant in NICU, manipulation of care giving practices to the babies whatever the stress inducing or reducing procedures, have to be limited in the immediate early stage after birth. And it needed to be reexamine to identify the appropriate and specific physical environment and the patterns of direct caregiving to the low birthweight preterm infant as the infants grow older in NICU.