Purpose
This pilot study aimed to develop and conduct an initial evaluation of a self-care improvement program for older school-aged children with atopic dermatitis (AD).
Methods
A quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used with 20 children in grades 4–6 diagnosed with AD. The experimental group (n=12) received a 5-week Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB)-based program, which included five 40-minute sessions for children and one 50-minute session for mothers. The control group (n=8) received usual care. Data was collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 4 weeks post-intervention. Outcome variables included AD knowledge, motivation for AD self-care, self-efficacy for managing AD, self-care behaviors, and AD severity. Generalized estimating equations were used for analysis.
Results
Time-by-group interaction effects were observed for AD knowledge (p<.001), personal motivation (p=.011), self-efficacy (p=.034), self-care behaviors (p=.027), and AD severity (p=.039). Improvements in knowledge, motivation, and self-efficacy persisted through follow-up, while changes in self-care behaviors and AD severity were significant only at posttest.
Conclusion
This study provides preliminary evidence that an IMB-based self-care program can improve knowledge, motivation, and self-efficacy in children with AD, leading to better self-care behaviors and reduced symptom severity. These findings support the feasibility and potential usefulness of a structured, theory-based intervention. Further fully powered trials are needed to confirm effectiveness and identify strategies for maintaining long-term outcomes.

Purpose
This study investigated the nutritional status of ethnic (belonging to minority groups) preschool children in Northern Thailand.
Methods
In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the sample group included 147 parents and 147 preschool children (2-6 years old). Participants volunteered to complete a questionnaire on the personal information of children and parents, as well as family- and school-related factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a nutritional status calculator, and logistic regression analysis.
Results
A birth weight of less than 2,500 g was related to weight-for-age and weight-for-height. Not having been breastfed and having been breastfed for less than 6 months were related to weight-for-height. An elementary school education level among parents was related to children's height-for-age. Familial unhealthy food consumption for 1-2 days per week was related to weight-for-age and height-for-age.
Conclusion
This study reflects the importance of nutritional care for children at the beginning of pregnancy and continuing to the preschool age, as well as the importance of breastfeeding. Families were found to be a key factor in supporting good nutrition among children.

Citations

• Factors associated with a double burden of malnutrition among preschool-aged ethnic minority children in northern Thailand: a community-based cross-sectional study
  Siwarak Kitchanapaibul, Chomnard Singhan, Thapakorn Ruanjai
  BMC Public Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study investigated the relationships between mothers' knowledge and practice level of cough etiquette and their children's practice level of cough etiquette as perceived by their mothers.
Methods
This study was a descriptive correlational study. The data were collected from 160 mothers with preschoolers attending daycare centers and kindergartens in Gwangju, South Korea using self-reported questionnaires.
Results
The correct answer rate for cough etiquette knowledge in mothers was 86.0%, mothers' average practice score was 33.65±4.14, and their children's average practice score was 28.39±4.85 out of 48. The correlation between mothers' cough etiquette knowledge and practice level was not statistically significant. However, mothers' cough etiquette practice was positively correlated with children's cough etiquette level as perceived by mothers (r=.35, p<.001).
Conclusion
The development of a systematic cough etiquette education program and measurements for both mothers and children according to their developmental stages is important to effectively prevent respiratory infections.

Citations

• Trends in the Use of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Schools During the COVID-19 Pandemic, February 2021 to December 2023: A Mixed Methods Study
  Nicole M. Robertson, Kailey Fischer, Iris Gutmanis, Veronica Zhu, Brenda L. Coleman
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2025; 22(3): 394.     CrossRef
• Gender differences associated with knowledge, attitude, and behavior about cough etiquette in primary health care
  Rahmat Bakhtiar, Krispinus Duma, Hilda Hilda, Romi Hendra, Anwar Mallongi
  Pharmacia.2024; 71: 1.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study examined the needs for asthma education programs as perceived by school-age children, parents, and teachers and investigated parents' and teachers' expectations for incorporating augmented reality (AR) in asthma education.
Methods
This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 339 participants: 125 school-age children, 132 parents, and 82 teachers. Data were collected from children, parents, and teachers on the need for asthma education, the requirements for asthma education, and the expectations of parents and teachers for incorporating AR in asthma education. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, and the Scheffé test.
Results
Asthmatic children and their peers, parents, and teachers all felt there was a significant need for education about asthma, with education on how to deal with an asthma attack being needed the most. The incorporation of AR programs in asthma education was viewed positively by both parents and teachers.
Conclusion
An AR children's asthma education program should be developed in which children with asthma and their peers, parents, and teachers can participate together. Furthermore, it is expected that children with asthma will independently undertake more effective disease management after attending an AR asthma education program.

Citations

• Digital equity in nursing research: A methodological review of nursing studies requiring internet connection
  Matthew S. Farmer, Drew Herbert, Christa Torrisi, Arthur Zacharjasz, Gerard Castaneda, Takara Schomberg, Michelle Dardis, Nicole Montgomery, Mary E. Melvin
  Nursing Outlook.2026; 74(1): 102667.     CrossRef
• Health Behavior and Social-Emotional Health Status of School-Aged Children According to their Experience with Atopic Dermatitis Diagnosis: Based on the 12th (2019) Panel Study on Korean Children
  Da-Jeong Kum, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Children.2023; 10(2): 288.     CrossRef

Purpose
Obesity among children from low-income families is becoming a social problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an obesity prevention program that included physical activity, nutrition education, behavioral modification, and primary caregiver participation components among children from low-income families.
Methods
The study analyzed a nonequivalent control group using a pretest-posttest design. A total of 77 children were recruited from six community childcare centers using purposive sampling. For the intervention group (n=40), the pretest was administered before the combined intervention program involving the participants' primary caregivers was conducted for 8 weeks. The posttest was conducted immediately after the program and again four weeks after the program.
Results
Flexibility (F=4.64, p=.020), muscular endurance (F=11.22, p<.001), nutritional knowledge scores (F=4.79, p=.010), body image satisfaction scores (F=4.74, p=.012), and self-esteem scores (F=3.81, p=.029) showed significant differences and interactions between group and time for the intervention and control groups.
Conclusion
Strategies to actively engage the primary caregivers of low-income families in children's obesity programs are needed. Obesity prevention programs for children based on the program in this study should be routinely developed, and continuing attention should be given to children from low-income families.

Citations

• Development of an integrated health promotion program for school-age children from vulnerable families in South Korea: a methodological study
  Eunjeong Bae, Eun Kyoung Choi
  Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(2): 107.     CrossRef
• Associations between Skipping Meals, Eating Alone, and Overweight or Obesity: A Secondary Data Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  Yoon Jeong Choi, Jiwoo Lee
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2025; 37(3): 297.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of the standard traditional Korean medicine-based health promotion program for disadvantaged children in South Korea
  Eunhye Hyun, Jiseon Ryu, Kibong Kim, Sangjae Lee, Seungtae Kim, Byungmook Lim
  BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The Life Transition Scale (LTS) consists of 24 items that assess the life transition process of parents of autistic children. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the LTS in parents of children with a wide spectrum of disabilities.
Methods
Data were collected from 260 parents of children with disabilities through self-report questionnaires. Validity was examined using exploratory and confirmative factor analysis to determine the factor structures of the LTS; socio-demographic differences in LTS scores were examined using the t-test or ANOVA. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's ⍺ coefficient.
Results
A four-factor structure was validated (x²=640.0, p<.001, GFI=.81, RMSEA=.07, NNFI=.89, CFI=.89, PNFI=.74, Q [x²/df]=2.60). The validity of the LTS was verified by exploratory factor analysis, with factor loading ranging from .30 to .80. There were significant differences in the accepting phase according to children's and parents' age and the type of disability, and in the wandering phase according to parental gender, educational level, job, and socioeconomic status. The Cronbach's ⍺s for the reliability of each of the four structures were acceptable, within a range of .80~.90.
Conclusion
The LTS is a valid and reliable measurement to assess the life transition process of parents with disabled children.

Purpose
This study was conducted to investigate nurses’ perceptions and performance of family-centered care (FCC) at a children’s hospital in Sri Lanka and to explore the feasibility of implementing FCC in the context of the Sri Lankan healthcare system.
Methods
A convergent, parallel, mixed-methods design was applied to understand Sri Lankan nurses’ perspectives on FCC. In total, 157 nurses working at a large teritagy children’s hospital responded to a self-report survey and 18 nurses participated in focus group interviews.
Results
Of the factors of FCC, family participation in caring for children received the highest score (4.09±0.51) for perceptions, and information-sharing received the highest score (3.54±0.55) for performance. The qualitative data revealed the following five themes: (a) importance of the family in caring for children; (b) helping families during children’s hospitalization; (c) taking steps to implement FCC, even with imperfect knowledge; (d) barriers in the current situation; and (e) suggested strategies to promote FCC.
Conclusion
Participants endorsed the concept of FCC and demonstrated some aspects of it in their day-to-day practice. The results indicate a clear knowledge deficit and several challenges, which need to be addressed to effectively implement FCC.

Citations

• Dimensions, challenges, and improvement strategies of family-centered care in emergency pediatric settings: A mixed-methods systematic review
  Arezoo Ghavi, Zohreh Nabizadeh-Gharghozar, Leila Valizadeh, Aydin Feyzi
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2026; 86: 300.     CrossRef
• Family-Centered Care in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
  Elizabeth A. Olafson, Ivette Hidalgo, Luzmary Ocampo
  Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America.2026; 38(1): 93.     CrossRef
• A scoping review of the perceptions and practices of pediatric nurses’ toward family-centered care
  Haytham Mohammad Al-Oran, Mahmoud Ayed Al-Frejat
  Frontiers of Nursing.2025; 12(2): 177.     CrossRef
• Análisis de la Relevancia e Impacto de la Enfermería Pediátrica en los Distintos Contextos de la Salud
  Velkys Marlenys Castillo Sánchez, Yasmery Yamileth Moreno Flores
  Estudios y Perspectivas Revista Científica y Acad.2025; 5(3): 3374.     CrossRef
• Association Between Family Importance in Nursing Care and Parental Satisfaction: A Cross-sectional Study
  Mehdi Mahmoudzadeh, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi, Shohreh Moshfeghi, Behrouz Dadkhah
  Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nurses' Experiences of the Prerequisites for Implementing Family-Centered Care to Prevent Pediatric Delirium
  Tiina Saarenpää, Miia Jansson, Heli Kerimaa, Riitta Alanko, Outi Peltoniemi, Miikka Tervonen, Tiina Lahtela, Tarja Pölkki
  Clinical Nurse Specialist.2024; 38(5): 221.     CrossRef
• Parent Education and Counseling (PairEd-C) Intervention to Improve Family-Centered Care: Protocol for a Prospective Acceptability Study Using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability
  Leul Deribe, Eshetu Girma, Nataliya Lindström, Abdulkadir Gidey, Solomon Teferra, Adamu Addissie
  JMIR Research Protocols.2024; 13: e54914.     CrossRef
• Family-Centered Care from the Point of View of Undergraduate Nursing Students Studying in Selected Public Universities: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Haytham Al-Oran, Ahmad Al-Sagarat, Hala Obeidat
  Health Scope.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Cross-Sectional Study of Pediatric Nurses’ Perceptions and Practices of Family-Centered Care in Governmental Pediatric Setting
  Haytham Al-Oran, Ahmad AL-Sagarat, Faris Alsaraireh, Deema Mahasneh
  Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The perceptions and performance of family-centered care among pediatric nurses at a children's hospital in South Korea: a descriptive study
  Suk-Jin Lim, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(3): 207.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to obtain research-based evidence on the relationships among general characteristics, family strength, self-control, and happiness among late school-aged children using a correlational research design.
Methods
The participants were 172 fifth- and sixth-grade students from two public elementary schools. Data were collected by employing structured questionnaires, including the Korean Family Strengths Scale for Strengthening Family II, a self-control scale, and a happiness scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0.
Results
The level of happiness of late school-aged students showed significant correlations with family strength (r=.78, p<.001), and self-control (r=.59, p<.001). Family strength had a significant positive correlation with self-control (r=.55, p<.001). The factors with a significant impact on participants’ happiness were family strength (β=.63, p<.001), self-control (β=.21, p<.001), exercise frequency, and self-perceived health. The total explanatory power of the model was 69%, and the explanatory power of family strength for the level of happiness was 61%, showing that the family strength was the most important factor that promoted happiness in late school-aged students.
Conclusion
These findings imply that improving family strength is an important aspect of promoting happiness among late school-aged children. Interventions to strengthen late school-aged children’s self-control are also necessary.

Citations

• The Concept of Happiness in Children, Adolescents and the Factors that Influence it: a Systematic Literature Review
  Magdalini Vampa, Mitjana Profiri, Elona Kodhel, Dashamir Bërculli, Kaltrina Kelmendi, Natyra Agani-Destani
  Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review.2025; 5(3): e05405.     CrossRef
• Peer bonds and nature’s embrace: exploring the influence of pet caregiving on social well-being and nature connection among Taiwanese children
  Tzuhui Angie Tseng, Hsiao-Yen Fang, Ching-Cheng Shen, Yun-Chen Chang
  Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictors of Adolescents’ Subjective Happiness Based on Roy’s Adaptation Model: A Longitudinal Study
  Jeong-Eun Yang, SeolHwa Moon
  The Open Public Health Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Investigation of aggression and happiness level in parents of 8-11 years old children playing sports
  Mehmet Metín, Servet Özoruç
  Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physi.2024; 11(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Effects of Health Intentions and Health-promoting Behavior on Selfesteem among School-aged Children in South Korea
  Jin Kim, Ga Eul Jeon, Nam Hyun Cha
  Current Pediatric Reviews.2023; 19(3): 304.     CrossRef

Purpose
A hand-washing program using role-playing was developed for preschool children and tested to verify its usefulness.
Methods
The participants were 46 preschool children (experimental group, 23; control group, 23). Data were collected from August 7, 2017 to September 20, 2017. The first posttest was carried out on the day after the initial intervention was completed, and the second posttest was performed after a month. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, Fisher exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney test, and Friedman test.
Results
In the experimental group, the frequency of practicing hand-washing was significantly higher than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.94, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.15, p=.002). The accuracy of hand-washing was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.02, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.86, p<.001).
Conclusion
The hand-washing program developed in this study was found to be an effective intervention strategy for improving the frequency and accuracy of hand-washing among preschool children.

Citations

• Impact of Personal Hygiene Education Based on Social Learning Theory on Preschool Children
  Isin Biyikoglu Alkan, Nebahat Bora Gunes, Musa Ozsavran, Tulay Kuzlu Ayyildiz
  Early Childhood Education Journal.2025; 53(2): 539.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Video-Supported Hand-washing Training on Hand-washing Knowledge and Skills in Children in Need of Protection
  Refiye Akpolat, Zehra Şevval Yavuz, Elçin Birce Birkan, Cansu Yeşil
  Middle Black Sea Journal of Health Science.2025; 11(2): 116.     CrossRef
• Status of Early Childhood Health Promotion Education and Educational Needs Perceived by Primary Caregivers
  Young-Ran Lee, Eunjeong Nam, Sun-Nam Park, Mi-Ran Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2025; 32(3): 376.     CrossRef
• İlköğretim Öğrencilerine Rol Oynama (Rol-Play) Yöntemi ile Uygulanan El Hijyeni Eğitiminin Öğrencilerin El Yıkama Bilgi ve Becerilerine Etkisi
  Hatice YUMRU, Şerife KOÇ
  Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elek.2021; 14(3): 188.     CrossRef
• Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children
  Zachary Munn, Catalin Tufanaru, Craig Lockwood, Cindy Stern, Helen McAneney, Timothy H Barker
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with smartphone overdependency in preschool children based on an analysis of mother, child, and their mutual dyadic relationships.
Methods
Data were collected from 171 mothers of preschool children enrolled at daycare centers and kindergartens from January to March 2018. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance with Scheffé post hoc test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS version 24.
Results
The self regulation of preschool children (β=-.358, p<.001) was the factor most closely associated with smartphone overdependency. The second most closely associated factor was children’s use of a smartphone 0.5-1 hour daily (β=-.249, p=.005). Additional associated factors were mothers’ use of a smartphone for 3-4 hours daily (β=.217, p=.002), children’s use of a smartphone for less than 0.5 hour daily (β=-.212, p=.006), and children’s use of a smartphone for 1-2 days per week (β=-.205, p=.026).
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to try to develop guidelines and programs to prevent smart phone overdependency in preschool children.

Citations

• Types and contexts of child mobile screen use and associations with early childhood behavior
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2025; 70: 274.     CrossRef
• FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMARTPHONE OVERDEPENDENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIAL BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
  Leyla Çakmak, Fikriye Aksoy Boğanak, Nurettin Menteş, Mustafa Volkan
  Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi.2025; 7(1): 43.     CrossRef
• Prevalence, determinants and consequences of problematic smartphone use among preschoolers (3–5 years) from Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional investigation
  Faruq Abdulla, Md. Moyazzem Hossain, Mohammed Nazmul Huq, Abdul Hai, Azizur Rahman, Russell Kabir, Farhana Jahan Peya, Sinigdha Islam, Hafiz T.A. Khan
  Journal of Affective Disorders.2023; 329: 413.     CrossRef
• Uso de los dispositivos móviles en la infancia: oportunidades y peligros
  Mercedes González-Sanmamed, Luisa Losada-Puente , Nuria Rebollo-Quintela, Eduardo Rodríguez-Machado
  Psychology, Society & Education.2023; 15(3): 1.     CrossRef
• Associations of smartphone and tablet use in early childhood with psychosocial, cognitive and sleep factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Merrilyn Hooley, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2022; 60: 13.     CrossRef
• The Relationship between Korean Parents’ Smartphone Addiction and That of Their Children: The Mediating Effects of Children’s Depression and Social Withdrawal
  Shin-Il Lim, Sookyung Jeong
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2022; 19(9): 5593.     CrossRef
• Parents’ perceptions of their children’s smartphone use (Percepciones de las familias sobre el uso infantil del móvil)
  Pablo-César Muñoz-Carril, Isabel Dans-Álvarez-de-Sotomayor, Eduardo-José Fuentes-Abeledo, María-Lidia Platas-Ferreiro
  Culture and Education.2022; 34(4): 974.     CrossRef
• Smartphone use patterns and problematic smartphone use among preschool children
  Jeong Hye Park, Minjung Park, Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0244276.     CrossRef
• Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children
  Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(5): 630.     CrossRef
• Parental Factors Associated with Smartphone Overuse in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Gumhee Lee, Sungjae Kim, Heajin Yu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(3): 349.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the meaning and essence of experiences of stress in mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis.
Methods
This study employed a qualitative research design. Seven mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis were interviewed and the data were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological method.
Results
Five main themes and 12 theme clusters emerged. The 5 main themes were 1) the mother’s enduring heartache from the conflict that arise among family members, 2) the complete loss of daily happiness, 3) the steady stream of emotional fluctuations, 4) struggling to bear the heavy financial burden, and, 5) a life of hope accompanied by stress.
Conclusion
The results of this study provide an in-depth understanding of stress among mothers of preschoolers with atopic dermatitis. These results can be used in the development of nursing interventions to provide psychological and emotional support for mothers and family members.

Citations

• Development and pilot evaluation of a theory-based self-care program for late school-aged children with atopic dermatitis: a quasi-experimental study in South Korea
  Da-Jeong Kum, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2026; 32(1): 66.     CrossRef
• “Becoming a shield under a leaky umbrella” : a phenomenological study of mothers’ experiences caring for preschool children in high fine-dust environments
  Ju Won Seo, Eunjung Ryu
  International Journal of Qualitative Studies on He.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of Atopic Dermatitis® on Quality of Life of Caregivers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  John Chun Hian Yap, Yik Weng Yew
  Dermatitis®.2024; 35(6): 554.     CrossRef
• “I have to be brave” – parents’ experiences of caring for a child with eczema
  Christine Chua, Judith Chew, Winnie Lim
  Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Developmen.2023; 33(4): 256.     CrossRef
• Views and experiences of managing eczema: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies*
  E. Teasdale, I. Muller, K. Sivyer, D. Ghio, K. Greenwell, S. Wilczynska, A. Roberts, M.J. Ridd, N. Francis, L. Yardley, K.S. Thomas, M. Santer
  British Journal of Dermatology.2021; 184(4): 627.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was done to identify the level of adjustment to hospital life, hospitalization recognition and hospital-related fear by school-aged children, and investigate the influence of hospitalization recognition and hospital-related fear on the hospital life of these children.
Methods
Participants were 112 three to six grade students who were hospitalized from 3 to 7 days at one of two children’s hospital. Date were collected from September 2015 to March 2016. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, multiple regression.
Results
The mean score for adjustment to hospital life was 3.43±0.40 of 5, for hospitalization recognition, 2.98±0.46 of 4 and for hospital-related fear, 1.37±0.28 of 3. Factors affecting adjustment to hospital life were hospital-related fear (β=-.28, p=.002) and hospitalization recognition (β=.27, p=.003). These factors explained 17% of the variance in adjustment to hospital life.
Conclusion
Results indicate that adjustment to hospital life by school-aged children is not sufficient enough for them to cope with illnesses and hospitalization. Therefore, to improve adjustment to hospital life by school-aged children, nursing interventions that focus on increasing hospitalization recognition and decreasing hospital-related fear need to be developed.

Citations

• Quality of pediatric nursing care is effective in reducing fears of nursing interventions and materials used in hospitalized children: Results of a clinic-based study
  Nimet Karataş, Meltem Gürcan, Ayla Kaya, Zahide Iyi Altinişik, Ayşegül Işler
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 84: 8.     CrossRef
• Impact of Coinsurance Reduction Policy on Healthcare Utilization Among Children Under 15
  Minah Park, Eun-Cheol Park, Hongin Noh, Sung-In Jang
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Developing Patient’s Context Based Improvement Scenarios and Design Proposals to Enhance the Child-Friendliness of Hospitals
  Jae-Won Hwang, Geon-Dong Kim
  Journal of Digital Contents Society.2023; 24(11): 2627.     CrossRef
• A Survey of Nurses' Need for Care Robots in Children's Hospitals
  Meiling Jin, Jeongeun Kim
  CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2020; 38(7): 349.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to understand and explore the essences of Korean mothers‘ experiences of caring for visually impaired children.
Methods
Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews using open-ended questions. Five mothers of children with visual impairments participated in the interviews. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using phenomenological analysis.
Results
Analysis with Colaizzi’s method showed two categories which included 14 themes in 4 theme clusters. The first category was ‘surviving in the dark reality’ included 2 theme clusters, of ‘outcrying in the darkness’ and ‘enduring the darkness while caring for my child alone’. The second category was ‘living as the light of maternal affection’ including 2 theme clusters of ‘preparing the light to shine in the darkness’ and ‘going through the darkness with the lights of love’.
Conclusion
The findings from this study provide deep understanding of mothers‘ experiences of caring for visually impaired children. Based on the results of the study, health professionals can develop effective family nursing interventions to improve the quality of life for these families including the visually impaired children and their mothers.

Purpose
This paper is a report on the concept analysis of family-centered care for hospitalized children.
Methods
The concept analysis approach of Walker and Avant was used. A search of multidisciplinary literature published between 1960 and 2016 was undertaken using the keyword ‘family centered care’ or ‘family centered nursing’ combined with hospitalized children. Attributes, antecedents, and consequences were inductively derived from the citations analyzed (n=19).
Results
The attributes of family-centered care included (1) family respect, (2) collaboration, (3) family support, and (4) information sharing. These attributes are influenced by the ‘willingness of family to participate’, ‘competency and willingness of staff,’ and ‘institution policy and system.’ Additionally, family-centered care does significantly impact ‘the health of the children’, ‘family empowerment’ and ‘work satisfaction and self-confidence of staff’.
Conclusion
Family-centered care of hospitalized children as defined by the result of this study will contribute to the theoretical foundation for application in pediatric nursing practice.

Citations

• Factors affecting pediatric nurses’ development of partnerships with parents of hospitalized children: An evaluation based on the stress-coping adaptation model
  In Young Cho, So Hyoung Hong, Ji Yeong Yun
  Journal of Child Health Care.2025; 29(1): 53.     CrossRef
• Development of an atraumatic care education model based on family-centered care to improve maternal behavior in reducing children's stress during hospitalization
  Dera Alfiyanti, Yuni Sufyanti Arief, Ilya Krisnana, Mira Triharini, Arief Yanto
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2025; 83: 218.     CrossRef
• Mothering children at a paediatric intensive care unit with strict visiting hours: A qualitative study
  Na‐Ry Chung, Sun‐Mi Chae
  Nursing in Critical Care.2024; 29(6): 1654.     CrossRef
• Assessing the maturity of the “Family Centered Care” concept: A review of concept analyses studies
  Mohammad Al-Motlaq, Mandie Foster, Maggie Zgambo, Sarah Neill
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 79: 150.     CrossRef
• Research trends in nurse–parent partnership: A scoping review of the paediatric field in South Korea
  Seo Jin Park, Ji Yeong Yun, Jina Lee, In Young Cho
  Nursing Open.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A validity and reliability of the atraumatic care education model questionnaire based on family-centred care in minimising the stress of hospitalisation in children
  Dera Alfiyanti, Arief Sufyanti, Ilya Krisnana, Mira Triharini, Satriya Pranata
  Scripta Medica.2024; 55(5): 537.     CrossRef
• The perceptions and performance of family-centered care among pediatric nurses at a children's hospital in South Korea: a descriptive study
  Suk-Jin Lim, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(3): 207.     CrossRef
• Psychometric Validation of the Korean Version of the Family-Centered Care Questionnaire—Revised
  Jihee Han, Won-Oak Oh, YooJin Heo, Sunho Kim
  Journal of Nursing Measurement.2023; 31(3): 347.     CrossRef
• Effects of the Discharge Education Program on Family Caregivers Caring for Patients on Mechanical Home Ventilation in Korea: A Pilot Test
  Hyang Sook Kim, Gwang Suk Kim, Hyangkyu Lee, JiYeon Choi, Young Sam Kim, Eui Geum Oh
  Home Health Care Management & Practice.2022; 34(4): 258.     CrossRef
• Research Trends of Follow-Up Care after Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduation for Children Born Preterm: A Scoping Review
  So Ra Kang, Haeryun Cho
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(6): 3268.     CrossRef
• Levels of Partnership between Nurses and Parents of Hospitalized Children and the Quality of Pediatric Nursing Care as Perceived by Nurses
  So Yeon Yoo, Haeryun Cho, Yae Young Kim, Ji Hyeon Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(1): 64.     CrossRef
• Developing a conceptual model of pediatric inpatient safety accidents: A mixed methods approach
  Won‐Oak Oh, EunJoo Kim, YeoJin Im, Jihee Han, Mirim Kim
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2020; 22(3): 777.     CrossRef
• Medication self-management and the quality of discharge education among parents of children with epilepsy
  Hyun Jie Lee, Eun Kyoung Choi, Hee Soon Kim, Hoon Chul Kang
  Epilepsy & Behavior.2019; 94: 14.     CrossRef
• An Integrative Review of Family Interventions based on a Philosophy of Family-Centered Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
  Nary Chung, Yeseul Kim, Eunyoung Park, Lisa Yeo, Jiwon Hwang
  Perspectives in Nursing Science.2019; 16(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Families’ Importance in Nursing Care-Pediatric Nurses’ Attitudes Instrument
  Jina Oh, Yae Young Kim, So Yeon Yoo, Haeryun Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 274.     CrossRef
• Health Care Providers’ Perceptions of Family-centered Care in Pediatrics
  So Young Jung
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 465.     CrossRef
• Comparison of the Quality of Nursing Care as Perceived by Pediatric Nurses and Mothers of Hospitalized Children
  So Yeon Yoo, Yae Young Kim, Haeryun Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 373.     CrossRef

Purpose
The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of preschooler obesity/overweight and to identify associated factors.
Methods
This study was a cross-sectional study. Data for 591 preschoolers, 432 fathers and 538 mothers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 were included. Obesity/overweight was defined by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. T-test, Rao-Scott χ2, multivariate logistic regression was used for the analysis.
Results
Prevalence rates for preschooler obesity/overweight were 14.9% (obesity, 5.4%; overweight, 9.5%). The preschoolers with atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis or asthma (OR=2.78, 95% CI [1.27-6.09], p=.011) and eating more thiamine per day (OR=1.01, 95% CI [1.00-1.02], p=.001) showed higher obesity/overweight development. The only parental factor affecting preschooler obesity/overweight was parental body mass index (father, OR=1.18, 95% CI [1.09-1.28], p<.001; mother, OR=1.09, 95% CI [1.04-1.15], p<.001).
Conclusion
Interventions on preventing preschooler obesity should be introduced much earlier for children with risk factors. Results from this study can be used as preliminary data to develop effective strategies to prevent obesity in Korean preschoolers.

Citations

• Validation of the Korean Version of the Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Preschooler (NutriSTEP ® ): Using the Rasch Model
  So Hyun Park, Youn-Jung Son, Hanjong Park
  Journal of the American Nutrition Association.2026; 45(3): 280.     CrossRef
• Analysis of the factors that influence preschool children eating behavior by applying the health belief model: Seoul and Gyeonggi Province
  Sung-Mi Cha, Soo-Youn Kim
  Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 541.     CrossRef
• Social Ecological Factors for Adolescent Obesity: Using the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data
  Kyong Sil Park
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(3): 233.     CrossRef
• Relationship between the Dietary Behavior of Young Children and Their Mothers in Daejeon, Korea Using the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers and Adults
  InYoung Jeong, SuJin Song
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 12.     CrossRef
• Risk Factors in Early Life for Preschool Children in Korea that are Associated with Being Overweight or Obese
  Jin Suk Ra, Hyun Jung Yun
  Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2020; 11(1): 15.     CrossRef
• Relations among Maternal Employment, Depressive Symptoms, Breastfeeding Duration, and Body Mass Index Trajectories in Early Childhood
  Jihyoung Kim
  Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Chil.2020; 24(2): 75.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with Obesity among Korean Adolescents based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016)
  Hyun Young Koo, Eun Kyung Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(1): 28.     CrossRef
• Assessment of dietary behaviors among preschoolers in Daejeon: using Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P)
  Hye-Jin Lee, Jin Hee Kim, SuJin Song
  Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(2): 194.     CrossRef
• Association between Body Mass Index and Dental Caries : Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 - 2015
  Jihye Jang, Miso Lee, Jaegon Kim, Yeonmi Yang, Daewoo Lee
  THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DEN.2019; 46(3): 283.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study was done to identify the level of knowledge and practice of self-management on asthma of school-aged children and to provide data for the development of an intervention program to improve self-management on asthma.
Methods
The participants were 100 school-aged children who were treated currently for asthma in J city located in G province. Data were collected from 25th August to 30th October 2014.
Results
The mean scores were 14.37 of 20 for self-management knowledge (percentage of correct answer 71.9%), 21.65 of 30 for self-management practice. There were significant differences in knowledge according to grade, diagnosed age, food allergy, education on asthma and hardship in school life, and in practice according to gender and economic status, hardship in school life and experience of first-aid on asthma. There were positive correlations between knowledge and practice.
Conclusion
Results indicate that school-aged children’ knowledge and practice in self-management of asthma were not sufficient enough to perform accurate management of asthma. Therefore, to improve self-management ability of school-aged children to manage effectively asthma, educational strategies that focus on increasing knowledge need to be developed.

Citations

• Concept Analysis of Self-management in Children with Chronic Kidney Diseases through Walker and Avant’s Method
  Sug Young Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2025; 32(1): 105.     CrossRef
• Development of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Program for Elementary School Students Using a Hybrid Application
  Shin-Jeong Kim, So-Ra Kang, Jung Min Lee
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 109.     CrossRef
• Self-Management Experiences of the Adolescents with Chronic Kidney Disease
  Sug Young Lee, Heesun Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(3): 266.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of schoolbags and the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among elementary school children and to identify factors associated with relative schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms.
Methods
A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 228 elementary school children in grades 4-6. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, χ²-test or Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis.
Results
Mean relative schoolbag weight (RSW) was 6.40%. Among participants, 13.2% carried more than 10% of their RSW. Only 49.6% of participants organized the contents in their school backpack correctly. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported by 42.5% of participants. Results from logistic regression analysis identified grade was a significant factor predicting RSW, and gender, RSW, and using a locker were significant factors predicting musculoskeletal symptoms among schoolchildren.
Conclusion
Although RSW of school children in this study was within the currently recommended load limit, a considerable proportion of school children were not following guidelines for safe schoolbag use. An effective schoolbag safety campaign for parents, students, and teachers needs to be developed and evaluated to prevent possible musculoskeletal symptoms related to schoolbag use.

Purpose
The purpose of the study was to describe the parenting experience of parents of children with chronic illness in Korea.
Methods
A conventional contents analysis was used for the study. Twelve mothers of chronically ill children participated in the study. Qualitative data were analyzed using the Morse and Field method.
Results
Four categories, 10 subcategories and 42 codes emerged from the data on the parenting experience of parents of children with chronic illness. The four categories were ‘Sacrifice and full-engagement within self-mortification’, ‘Renormalization of collapsed daily life’, ‘Paving a new way for independence’ and ‘Growing together of myself and the family’.
Conclusion
Parents of children with chronic illness experienced not only negative aspects such as a confusion but also re-normalization and growing together. Based on the results, health professionals need to develop effective nursing interventions toward positive parenting for these parents and their children with chronic illnesses.

Citations

• Spousal support, parent–nurse partnership and caregiver burden among parents of children with chronic diseases: A cross‐sectional study
  Jihye Kim, Heemin Chae, Yoonjung Kim
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2024; 33(7): 2649.     CrossRef
• Serial Dual Mediating Effects of Parenting Stress on Life Satisfaction among Parents of School-Aged Children with Chronic Conditions
  Jeong-Won Han, Boeun Yang, Hanna Lee
  Healthcare.2024; 12(4): 461.     CrossRef
• Risk and protective factors for a salutogenic sense of health in adolescents with Moyamoya disease
  Won‐Oak Oh, Kyu Won Shim, In‐Sun Yeom, Il Tae Park, Yoo Jin Heo, Jihee Han
  International Journal of Nursing Practice.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The mediating effects of parenting style on the relationship between parental stress and behavioral problems in girls with precocious puberty in Korea: a cross-sectional study
  Ahreum Kwon, Young Il Cho, Hyo Jin Kim, Junghwan Suh, Dong Hee Kim
  BMC Pediatrics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Case Study on Experience of Parents with Children who are Youth Athletes
  Yu seong Na, Ji Hyun Oh
  The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2023; 34(3): 401.     CrossRef
• Role of Fungal Species in the Etiology of Nasal Polyposis
  Ozan Özdemir, Aysel Karataş, Tolga Kırgezen, Mert Ahmet Kuşkucu, Enes Yiğit, Özlem Doğan, Özgür Yiğit
  Istanbul Medical Journal.2023; 24(3): 267.     CrossRef
• An educational design and development project for pediatric heart transplant recipients and their families
  Go-Eun Kim, Eun Kyoung Choi, HyeJung Lee, Yu-Mi Im
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2022; 66: e152.     CrossRef
• A Predictive Model of Resilience in Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities
  Youyoung Cho, Hyeonok Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(4): 407.     CrossRef
• Family Management Style and Psychosocial Health of Children with Chronic Conditions
  YeoJin Im, Dong Hee Kim
  Journal of Child and Family Studies.2021; 30(2): 483.     CrossRef
• Parenting Changes of Mothers of a Child with Cancer
  Min Ah Kim, Jaehee Yi, Aurene Wilford, Soo Hyun Kim
  Journal of Family Issues.2020; 41(4): 460.     CrossRef
• Depression and Fear about Maturation in Girls with Precocious Puberty and Depression and Anxiety in Their Mothers
  이민주, 박신애, 백성환
  JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHIL.2018; 22(3): 162.     CrossRef
• Mothers’ Experiences of Caring for Visually Impaired Children
  Sangeun Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 219.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing the Quality of Life in Mothers of Children with Precocious Puberty
  Suyoung Lee, Gaeun Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 312.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of the TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life (TAPQOL) questionnaire for children aged 18-60 months.
Methods
The participants were 223 mothers of healthy children from nurseries and kindergartens, and 54 mothers of hospitalized children from a university children’s hospital in Korea. Data were collected in 2011. Principal component factor analysis and known-groups method were used to confirm construct validity, and internal consistency was used to determine reliability.
Results
According to the factor analysis, 11 factors with an eigenvalue over 1 were extracted, and these factors explained 73.5% of the variance. All dimensions except two had Cronbach’s alpha coefficients greater than .7. The mean TAPQOL scores of the hospitalized group were significantly lower than those of the healthy group (p = .001) for all four functions (physical, emotional, social, and cognitive).
Conclusion
The TAPQOL showed acceptable validity and reliability, and can be used to measure children’s health-related quality of life in Korea, and can be considered for use in other Asian countries.

Citations

• Portuguese Validation of the TAPQoL: A Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument for Children Aged 0–6 Years
  Ana Ferraz, Martim Santos, M. Graça Pereira
  European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psych.2024; 14(2): 399.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among preschoolers’ smartphone addiction tendency, problem behaviors, and parenting efficacy of the mothers of these children.
Methods
A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was used with self-administered questionnaires. A total of 83 mothers of preschoolers aged 4-6 years and their preschool teachers from a kindergarten participated in the study.
Results
Mean daily time spent by the preschoolers on smartphones was about 45 minutes/day. About 40% spent more than 60 minutes/day on smartphones. The majority (69.8%) used smartphones without adult supervision. The level of smartphone addiction tendency among the pre-schoolers was 1.52±0.45 on a 4-point scale. Preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for more than 60 minutes/day showed a higher level of smartphone addiction tendency than preschoolers whose mothers use smartphones for less than 60 minutes/day. Also smartphone addiction tendency among preschoolers had a positive correlation with hyperactive-distractible behavior (r = .228, p = .038) and a negative correlation with parenting efficacy of their mothers (r = -.299, p = .006).
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrated that preschooler’s smartphone addiction tendency is significantly associated with hyperactive-distractible behaviors of the children and low parenting efficacy among their mothers. Therefore well-designed care plans for these populations should be provided to decrease smartphone addiction tendency.

Citations

• Types and contexts of child mobile screen use and associations with early childhood behavior
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2025; 70: 274.     CrossRef
• Addressing the impact of smartphone use on children’s health: a comprehensive analysis of physical, psychological, social, and behavioral effects
  Mohammed Said Obeidat, Faten Hani AL-Shalabi
  Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science.2025; 26(5): 690.     CrossRef
• Parent-Child Relationships and Children’s Addiction to Smartphones: A Review of International Studies
  Victor P. Sheinov
  RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics.2025; 22(1): 75.     CrossRef
• Prevalence, determinants and consequences of problematic smartphone use among preschoolers (3–5 years) from Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional investigation
  Faruq Abdulla, Md. Moyazzem Hossain, Mohammed Nazmul Huq, Abdul Hai, Azizur Rahman, Russell Kabir, Farhana Jahan Peya, Sinigdha Islam, Hafiz T.A. Khan
  Journal of Affective Disorders.2023; 329: 413.     CrossRef
• Associations of smartphone and tablet use in early childhood with psychosocial, cognitive and sleep factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  Sumudu R. Mallawaarachchi, Jeromy Anglim, Merrilyn Hooley, Sharon Horwood
  Early Childhood Research Quarterly.2022; 60: 13.     CrossRef
• Parental Factors Associated with Smartphone Overuse in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  Gumhee Lee, Sungjae Kim, Heajin Yu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(3): 349.     CrossRef
• Pathway from Maternal Parenting Efficacy, Inappropriate Motives for Allowing Smart Devices, and Smart Device Dependency to Preschoolers’ Ability to Understand Minds
  Yun Mi Park, Min Ju Kang
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2020; 41(6): 9.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with Smartphone Overdependency in Preschool Children
  MinJung Lee, SungHee Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 383.     CrossRef
• Effects of the Age at First Use of Smart Devices and the Amount of Time to Use Smart Devices on the Externalizing Problem Behavior of Infants and the Moderating Roles of Maternal Managing Behavior
  Yoon Kyung Kim, Ho Jung Kim, Mi Kyung Yoon, Ju Hee Park
  Family and Environment Research.2018; 56(6): 541.     CrossRef
• Effects of Hyperactivity Tendency and Ego-Resiliency on Smartphone Game Overflow Among Young Children
  Ha Ra Ban, Nary Shin
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2017; 38(4): 117.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nursing interventions to assist primary caregivers of young children by determining the degree stress and fatigue that caregivers were under due to parenting young children.
METHODS
Participants were primary caregivers (181 mothers and 160 grandmothers) of young children.
RESULTS
1) Mean score for degree of parenting stress was 2.61 (+/-.69) and for fatigue, 1.97 (+/-.54). 2) There was a significant difference in degree of parenting stress according to primary caregivers' age, employment status, income, whether the children were wanted babies, health status of the children and caregivers, personality of the children, and benefits from, and satisfaction with costs of childcare. Likewise, there was a significant difference in degree of fatigue according to relationship of primary caregivers to the children, primary caregivers' age, religion, income, whether the children were wanted babies, health status of the children and caregivers, personality of the children, and benefits from, and satisfaction with costs of childcare. 3) Stress and fatigue perceived by the primary caregivers were significantly correlated (r=.554 p<.001).
CONCLUSION
To alleviate more effectively primary caregivers' parenting stress and fatigue, early nursing intervention and educational programs need to be developed.

Citations

• Factors Influencing Fatigue in Mothers of Hospitalized Children
  Hee Seung Song
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 363.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate health issues of children with disabilities attending daycare centers, and to identify the way of teachers' management on child health.
METHODS
A cross-sectional descriptive study design was performed with a convenience sampling of 127 teachers from 19 daycare centers for children with disabilities and 175 teachers from 17 general daycare centers. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS 17.0 program.
RESULTS
For the last one month, about 90% of the teachers working in daycare centers for children with disabilities had to care for sick children. When a child is sick, 50% of the teachers tended to contact with the parents of the child. The majority of the teachers caring for sick children experienced difficulties with no one available to give expert health care advice.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that there are many health issues in daycare centers for children with disabilities and therefore health professionals need to be available to the centers. Specifically, health management services and programs need to be developed and provided for children with disabilities.

PURPOSE
This study was done to develop a cell phone addiction scale for Korean children.
METHODS
The process included construction of a conceptual framework, generation of initial items, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, preliminary study, and extraction of final items. The participants were 268 children from grades 4 to 6 in two urban elementary schools. Construct validity, internal consistence reliability, and split-half reliability were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
Nine items were categorized into 2 factors explaining 61.29% of total variance. The factors were labeled as obsessive compulsion (6 items) and dependency (3 items). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 9 items was .87, and Spearman-Brown coefficient was .83. Scale scores identified children as high risk users, at risk users, or average users by standard scores.
CONCLUSION
The above findings indicate that the cell phone addiction scale for children has good validity and reliability when used with Korean children.

Citations

• Development of a Cell Phone Addiction Scale for Korean Parents of Young Children.
  Hyun Young Koo
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 29.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Prevention Program for Media Addiction on Television Addiction, Internet Addiction, Cellular Addiction, and Impulsiveness in Elementary School Students.
  Hyun Young Koo
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(4): 270.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to measure (the degree of) injury risk perception in preschool children.
METHODS
The data were collected from child day care centers and kindergartens located in Seoul, and Gyeonggi and Kwangwon Province. A questionnaire consisted of 28 pictures was administered to 186 preschool children.
RESULTS
The mean score for the injury risk perception was 21.83 (+/-3.89), and 77.98 converted into a 100-point scale. According to sub-categories, 'burn prevention' (.96+/-.13) was the highest, 'interpersonal safety' (.44+/-.31) was the lowest. There were significant differences in injury risk perception according to gender (t=-2.358, p=.019), age (t=-2.101, p=.037), experience of safety education (t=-3.719, p<.001), area of residence (t=-3.445, p=.001), injury experience (t=3.212, p=.002), and mother's occupation (t=-4.858, p<.001). The highest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'making jump on the desk', the lowest item in the percentage of correct answer item was 'not wearing safety equipment when rollerblading'.
CONCLUSION
Based on this study, studies should be continued to standardize the instrument. In addition, it is recommended that an injury prevention education program should be developed based on the results of this study to stimulate demand and interest.

Citations

• Risk Factors for Pediatric Inpatient Falls
  Myung Sook Cho, Mi Ra Song, Sun Kyung Cha
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(5): 595.     CrossRef
• The Validity and Reliability of Injury Risk Perception in Preschool Children
  Shin-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Ah Kang, Sung-Hee Kim, Yae-Young Kim, Jung-Eun Lee
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(2): 258.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to determine whether a parenting education program using responsive teaching strategies is effective for parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior and behavioral problems in children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
METHODS
Participants in this study were 17 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by scores on the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. The parenting education program was developed based on Dr. Mahoney's responsive teaching curriculum. Mothers participated in the program once a week for 8 sessions. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Korean version of the Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior, and child pivotal developmental behavior. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test, and regression analysis.
RESULTS
After the parenting education program, no significant difference in parenting stress (Z=-1.00, p=.320) was found, but there was a significant decrease in the child's internal behavior problems (Z=-2.05, p=.040), and also a significant improvement in maternal interactional behavior and a significant difference in child pivotal developmental behavior (Z=-2.67, p=.008).
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that parenting education programs based on responsive teaching strategies are effective and that application of a program is recommended to prevent behavioral problems and improve maternal child interaction for children at risk for ADHD.

Citations

• Effectiveness of online responsive teaching in young children with developmental disabilities: a pilot study
  Jung Sook Yeom, Jeongmee Kim
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2024; 67(6): 303.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Parenting Program Applying Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Mothers of Children with a Tendency to ADHD
  Hee Sook Kim, Gyeong Ran Park, Hyeung Mo Sung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2013; 22(4): 330.     CrossRef
• Teaching Status and Knowledge of Elementary School Teachers of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  Kyoung-Rim Kang, Young-Hae Kim, Young-Ok Yang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(2): 136.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The study was done to explore the effect of perception of parental rearing attitude and social support on self-efficacy and stress among school-aged children, then to supply information for health promotion of children and to promote multi-cultural communication between Korea and China.
METHODS
The participants for this study were 180 elementary students each, from Korea and China. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test, correlation analysis and AMOS.
RESULTS
Social support had a direct effect on self-efficacy for both Korean and Chinese children. In Korea parental rearing attitude had greater direct effect on stress than social support and self-efficacy. But in China only, parental rearing attitude had direct effect on stress.
CONCLUSION
These findings provide support for perception of parental rearing attitude, social support, and self-efficacy as predictive variables of stress in Korean and Chinese school-aged children.

Citations

• Exploring Positive Psychology of Children with Type 1 Diabetes Focusing on Subjective Happiness and Satisfaction with Life
  Min Sohn, Euiyeon Kim, Ji Eun Lee, Kwanghee Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 83.     CrossRef
• The Causal Relationships between Parenting Stress and the Parenting Attitudes of Infant Mothers
  황성온 Hwang, Zion Hwang
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2015; 36(4): 163.     CrossRef
• A Predictive Model of Behavioral Problems in Elementary School Children.
  Hee Seung Song, Hee Sun Shin
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Exercise Performance and Exercise-related Factors of Korean and Korean-Chinese Nursing Students: A comparative Study
  Young-Ran Lee, Sun-Nam Park, Sook-Ja Yu, Jung-Soon Moon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2011; 22(3): 234.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
Fever is a common symptom of illness in children that is often misunderstood and inappropriately managed by parents. The purposes of this study were to investigate perception, knowledge of childhood fever and fever management and self-efficacy in fever management by parents and to identify the relationship between knowledge of childhood fever and fever management, and self-efficacy in management of fever.
METHODS
A descriptive correlation study was used with 101 parents of children ages 3 months to 5 yr who were seen in a pediatric outpatient clinic. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t-test or ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for data analysis.
RESULTS
Many parents reported a high level of fear about fever and its possible complications. Most parents used over-the-counter medications to reduce fever even when their children had mild to moderate fever. The mean correct percent on the knowledge scale was 51.0%. Most parents did not recognize the benefits of fever. There were statistically significant positive correlations between knowledge of fever and fever management and self-efficacy in management of fever.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate a need to develop and evaluate educational programs that will provide parent education on fever and fever management.

Citations

• Effects of a case-based simulation fever management education program for parents of hospitalized children in South Korea: a quasi-experimental study
  Bora Nam, Hyunju Kang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(4): 237.     CrossRef
• Experiences and practices of mothers with children 0–5 age group on fever management: A mixed methods study
  Ayşe Göbekli, Rabiye Güney
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(13-14): 3757.     CrossRef
• Korean Childcare Providers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, Concerns, and Practices of Febrile Convulsions
  Won-Oak Oh, Yoo Jin Heo, Min Hyun Suk, Anna Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(9): 4855.     CrossRef
• An analysis of caregivers’ preference regarding fever management in the emergency department
  Hae Jung Kim, Ho Jung Kim
  Pediatric Emergency Medicine Journal.2018; 5(1): 13.     CrossRef
• Knowledge and Practice of Fever Management by Mothers of Preschool Children at Home
  Hye Rim Park, In Soo Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 127.     CrossRef
• Childhood Fever Management: Current Practice vs Evidence
  Jin Sun Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(2): 126.     CrossRef
• Fever Phobia: A Survey of Children's Parents in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic.
  Ae Ran Choi, Jin Sun Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(2): 113.     CrossRef
• Childhood fever management program for Korean pediatric nurses: A comparison between blended and face-to-face learning method
  Yong Sun Jeong, Jin Sun Kim
  Contemporary Nurse.2014; 49(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Development of Evidence-based Nursing Practice Guidelines for Febrile Children in Emergency Room
  Min-Jin Jeong, Hyun-A Shin, Yun-Hee Kim, Jee-Hyang Lee, Seung-Ja Lee, Mi-Ra Song
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(4): 214.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of Internet Information on Childhood Fever Management
  Yong-Sun Jeong, Jin Sun Kim
  The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2012; 12(12): 702.     CrossRef
• Development of a Scenario and Evaluation for SimBaby Simulation Learning of Care for Children with Fever in Emergency Units
  Hae-Ran Kim, Eun-Ju Choi
  The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2011; 11(6): 279.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to develop and investigate the effect of a combined health promotion program for preschool children and their parents.
METHODS
Physical examinations were done for 993 preschoolers in 12 preschools. Their parents (n=727) completed a questionnaire on health status and health knowledge of their children and 35 teachers in preschools completed one on health knowledge of preschoolers. Based on the results of the physical examinations and survey, a combined health promotion program was developed. In order to evaluate the program, 35 teachers and 104 parents participated in the program. The effects of the program were tested and health knowledge before and after the program was analyzed.
RESULTS
Health knowledge of parents and teachers increased significantly after attending the combined health promotion program.
CONCLUSION
In order to promote the health of preschoolers, parents and teachers need to participate in combined health programs that provide an opportunity for preschoolers to have a physical examination and their parents to learn about the health care for their children.

Citations

• Development and Effects of a Hand-washing Program using Role-playing for Preschool Children
  Hyun Sook Lim, In Soo Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 123.     CrossRef
• Effects of Korean Medicine Health Promotion program for Children-Focus on Education and Prevention Programs-
  Angela Dongmin Sung, Hyun-Kyung Sung, Haemo Park, Sundong Lee
  Journal of Korean Medicine.2017; 38(4): 90.     CrossRef
• Development of an Ecological Model to Improve Health Care Management for Children in Child Care Centers.
  Eun Sook Park, Yeo Jin Im, Eun Ji Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 59.     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of Comprehensive Health Care Program for Infectious Disease Management in Child Care Centers by Doctor of Korean Medicine
  Jimin Park, Minjung Park, Byonghee Cho
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2013; 30(1): 65.     CrossRef
• Development and Verification of the Effect of Health Lifestyle Education Program for Cancer Prevention in Late School-aged Children
  Mi-Hye Cho, In-Soo Kwon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2012; 18(4): 192.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop appropriate sexual education program for children in day care centers.
METHODS
The data were collected from 361 day care center teachers using self-report questionnaire.
RESULTS
1) The mean score of the degree of sexual education for children was high at the score of 4.18 (+/-0.43). 2) In the mean score of 3 sub-areas, 'living' area was at the highest at the point of 4.32 (+/-0.31), 'social' area was 4.28 (+/-0.46), and 'physical' area was 3.94 (+/-0.55). 3) There was significant difference in the degree of sexual education requirement according to subject's major (t=-2.586, p=.010).
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to include all items of sexual education for early-childhood children in day care center.

Citations

• Effects of a Maternal Sexuality Education Program for Mothers of Preschoolers
  Eun Mi Lee, Young-Ran Kweon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(3): 370.     CrossRef
• An Analysis of the Responses of 5'Year' Old Children in the Process of Reading Picturebooks on Sexual Abuse
  Hui-Young Chun, Gui-Sook Lee, Se-Ni Shin
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2012; 33(5): 117.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical growth and developmental status of infants and children of married immigrant women.
METHODS
The participants were 92 infants and children aged from birth to 6 yr whose mothers were married immigrant women living in one rural area. Physical growth and developmental status were evaluated by using anthropometric assessment, and Korean Denver II developmental screening test.
RESULTS
Of the participants, 10.8% were below the 3rd percentile for weight, 13.0% for length, 5.4% for head circumference, and from 69.6% to 79.3% were distributed below the 50th percentile on growth charts. Further, 18.5% were classified as having questionable development. Factors related to low physical growth in infants and children were mother's weight and mother's level in Korean language classes.
CONCLUSION
The physical growth and developmental status of children is vulnerable and serious. The study results suggest a need for regular growth and developmental evaluations. Political support is important for these mothers. In addition, there also is a need to develop early intervention strategies to promote growth and development of the infants and children of these married immigrant women.

Citations

• Influences of Socioeconomic Status on Short Stature in Childhood
  Sun Bok Suh, Hyung Su Kim
  Kosin Medical Journal.2020; 35(1): 15.     CrossRef
• What Factors Cause a Complete Examination of Infant Health Checkup?
  Seungjin Kang, Woojin Chung, Heejin Kim, Sunmi Lee
  Health Policy and Management.2014; 24(3): 261.     CrossRef
• Predicting Factors of Developmental Delay in Infant and Early Children.
  Hyeon Ok Ju, Yu Kyung Park, Dong Won Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 12.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Intervention Studies for Married Immigrant Women
  Tae Im Kim, Ji Young Kim, Sun Mi Choi, Gye Hyun Jung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nurs.2013; 24(2): 172.     CrossRef
• The duration of exclusive breastfeeding practice and its related factors of married immigrant Vietnamese women
  Sang-Mee Koo, Tae-Im Kim
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperati.2012; 13(4): 1672.     CrossRef
• Current Complementary Feeding and Maternal Nutritional Knowledge in Multicultural Family: Compared to the Korean Survey
  Nu Ri Yang, Hye Sil Kim, Mi Kyung Kim
  Korean Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and N.2011; 14(3): 286.     CrossRef
• Predictive factors of depression among Asian female marriage immigrants in Korea
  Jung A. Kim, Sook Ja Yang, Kyoung Ja Kwon, Jee Hee Kim
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2011; 13(3): 275.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of body image, self-esteem, and behavior problems comparing children of short stature and children of normal height, and to enhance growth development through early detection of social or emotional problems in children of short stature.
METHODS
The data were collected from June 2 to September 25, 2008. The participants were 38 children who were diagnosed with short stature and their mothers and 38 children of age appropriate stature and their mothers selected from 311 elementary students in D city. The participants were matched by using propensity analysis for controlling confounding variables. Sapiro-Wilk test, t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS/WIN 14.0 program were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in body image and behavior problems between children of short stature and children of age appropriate stature. There was no significant difference in self-esteem between the two groups. Positive correlation was found between body image and self-esteem. In children of age appropriate stature, a negative correlation was found between body image and behavior problems.
CONCLUSIONS
A specialized program which focuses on behavior problems, body image, and self-esteem should be developed to help children of short stature in school-based settings.

Citations

• Body Image Dissatisfaction as a Mediator of the Association between BMI, Self-esteem and Mental Health in Early Adolescents: A Multiple-group Path Analysis across Gender
  Mi Heui Jang, Gyungjoo Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(2): 165.     CrossRef
• Comparisons of Postural Habits, Body Image, and Peer Attachment for Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis and Healthy Adolescents
  Ji-Hea Choi, Eui-Geum Oh, Hye-Jung Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2011; 17(3): 167.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to better understand how sick children and their families define chronic illness; what behaviors they used for managing chronic illness; and how they perceived the socio-cultural context of Korea. METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis of qualitative studies. Articles on children with a chronic illness and their families located in electronic databases were selected for review. Twenty one qualitative studies were reviewed. Qualitative studies that had used an analysis tool, the Family Management Style Framework were reviewed. RESULTS: Children with chronic illness and their families tended to accept illness as a negative outcome and thought that they were deprived of the context of normality. In the traditional Korean family style, parents-in-law demand absolute obedience from their daughter-in-law, leading to a conflict between the two parties, which, in turn, may have negatively affected their perceptions of chronic illness. Western and oriental medical treatments were used, and participants sought an array of folk remedies. CONCLUSION: Culturally specific findings can help to better understand the difficulties faced by children with a chronic illness and their families and can provide invaluable input into the development of culturally appropriate and sensitive nursing interventions.

Citations

• Perceptions of Child Vulnerability, Parental Overprotection, and Parenting Stress among Parents of a Child with Cancer
  Min Ah Kim, Jaehee Yi, Jina Sang, Soo hyun Kim
  Sage Open.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mothers' experience of having a child with cerebral palsy. A systematic review
  Meg Smith, Julie Blamires
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2022; 64: 64.     CrossRef
• The challenges experienced by mothers with children suffering from cerebral palsy: A study conducted at Mutale Municipality, South Africa
  M. Madzhie, K.E. Mphephu, V. Baloyi, M. Chueng, Daryl O’Connor
  Cogent Psychology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Marital Conflicts as Perceived by Mothers of a Child with Cancer in Korea
  Jaehee Yi, Min Ah Kim, Kara Ann Byrne, Soo Hyun Kim
  Journal of Social Service Research.2021; 47(6): 763.     CrossRef
• Effective Factors on Caring Role of Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy
  Nasrin Alaee, Frahnaz Mohammadi-Shahboulaghi, Hamidreza Khankeh, Sima Mohammadkhan Kermanshahi
  Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care.2019; 27(1): 55.     CrossRef
• Mothers’ Experiences of Caring for Visually Impaired Children
  Sangeun Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 219.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Maternal Coping in Korean Mothers of Children with Cancer
  Shanzida Khatun, Hee Soon Kim, Hyun-Bong Park
  Open Journal of Nursing.2016; 06(09): 751.     CrossRef
• Psychosocial Challenges for Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Qualitative Study
  Nasrin Alaee, Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulaghi, Hamidreza Khankeh, Sima Mohammad Khan Kermanshahi
  Journal of Child and Family Studies.2015; 24(7): 2147.     CrossRef
• Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Cancer
  Jung-Won Lee, Ji-Eun Han, Ho-Ran Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 21.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This quasi-experimental study was conducted to identify the effects of dental health education on dental health knowledge and dental hygiene status in preschoolers.
METHODS
Forty-one children were recruited from two daycare centers, one of which served as the experimental group and the other as the comparative group without dental health education. Dental health education consisted of knowledge-oriented lecture and individual practice with a tooth simulator. The dental health knowledge was measured using a self-report questionnaire and dental hygiene using a dental plague index. The measurements were taken before and after the education program in the experimental group while only before the education program in comparative group.
RESULTS
Increases in dental health knowledge and decreases in dental plague index were observed 4 days after the education and lasted at least 8 days after the education.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study indicate that dental health care education consisting of a lecture with simulation practice can be effective in improving dental health care in preschoolers at day care center.

Citations

• Effect of Toothbrushing Application for Kids on Dental Plaque Removal and Interest in Toothbrushing of Preschool Children
  Chae-Ha Hwang, Hyeon-Ju Song, Min-Ji Jung, Yeon-Jae Choi, Young Sun Hwang
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2023; 23(3): 208.     CrossRef
• A Basic Study for Introducing Pilot Projects and Analyzing the Effects of Children’s Dentists
  Yeojin Yoon, Songee Che, Ohtak Kwon, Kyungrim Kang
  Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Resea.2021; 1(2): 221.     CrossRef
• Development and Effects of a Hand-washing Program using Role-playing for Preschool Children
  Hyun Sook Lim, In Soo Kwon
  Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 123.     CrossRef
• Effect of Oral Health Education on Oral Health Knowledge, Oral Health Behavior and Oral Hygiene Status in Children from North Korea
  Jieun Han, Horan Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(4): 440.     CrossRef
• Effect of Repeated Oral Health Education on the Oral Health of Preschool Children
  Jee-Won Lee, Ha-Na Choi
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2017; 17(5): 423.     CrossRef
• The Effects of S-solution and A-solution on Oral Health in Preschool Children
  Hee Jung Son, Hae Sook Hong
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(2): 150.     CrossRef
• Knowledge and Attitudes towards Infant Oral Health, and Related Health Behavior among Parents.
  Haeryun Cho
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(3): 196.     CrossRef
• Influences of oral health behaviors according to oral health education experiences in middle school students
  Mi-Sook Cho, Min-Kyung Park, Kyeung-Ae Jang
  Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2013; 13(4): 639.     CrossRef
• Effects of Mothers Involved in Dental Health Program for Their Children
  Hye Seon Choi, Hye Young Ahn
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(7): 1050.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the Health Promotion Life Profile of normal-weight and obese children, and factors related to obesity in elementary school children, and provide basic data for the development an obesity management program for these children.
METHOD
The survey participants were 878 fourth to sixth grade elementary school children in Gwangju. chi-square-test, t-test, ANOVA and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS program were used to analyze the collected data.
RESULTS
The Health Promotion Life Profile showed significant differences between normal-weight and obese groups according to food habits (t=3.305, p= .001) and exercise habits (t=-4.065, p=< .001). The Health Promotion Life Profile of obese children was also significantly different according to interest in weight control (F=3.044, p= .050), regular breakfast (F=3.699, p= .014), regular meals (F=6.868, p= .002). The multiple logistic regression analysis, showed that factors in obesity were significantly different according to gender, interest in weight control, fast eating, overeating and predilection for some food.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that items on Health Promotion Life Profile such as food habits and exercise habits should be included in education programs to prevent obesity in elementary school children.

Citations

• Factors Affecting Obesity and Overweight in Korean Preschool Children: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014
  Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 237.     CrossRef
• Obesity Index and Related Factors among Elementary School Students Visiting Pediatric Department of General Hospital
  Hwan-Hee Lee, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
  Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2012; 18(2): 186.     CrossRef
• Comparisons of obesity assessments in over-weight elementary students using anthropometry, BIA, CT and DEXA
  Ok-Kyeong Yu, Yang-Keun Rhee, Tae-Sun Park, Youn-Soo Cha
  Nutrition Research and Practice.2010; 4(2): 128.     CrossRef
• Perceived Body Image, Intentional Caloric Restriction and Physical Manifestations of Unbalanced Nutrition according to Body Mass Index in Fifth and Sixth Grade Elementary School Students
  Bo Hwan Kim, Ji Hea Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2009; 15(4): 359.     CrossRef

Child is a being and provides the genetic continuity of parents and society, and therefore the fitness of these children for survival, growth and development towards reproduction, is of significance to parents and society. The aim of health care for high-risk children is not only to minimize or eliminate health problems, but also to optimize their fitness. Considering that the health care of children is influenced by available resources of parents and society, and sociocultural values and paradigms in a given environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA), child health care professionals need to understand factors affecting the optimal fitness of children with risks. This paper introduces a new integrated theory for health care in high-risk children, entitled, Health for Optimal Fitness of High-Risk Children. Five main components were identified with associate concepts or midrange theories affecting heath for optimal fitness of high-risk children; EEA, optimal fitness, health problems, investment resources, and anthropological values. It may provide an integrated perspective on health of high-risk children in both the proximately biomedical approach and ultimately evolutionary approach as optimizing their fitness. Further study is needed to develop substantial statements between components with existential examples.

Citations

• Health in Optimal Fitness and its Related Factors in Young Korean Children Born Prematurely
  Sangmi Lee, Min Sohn, Shinjeong Kim, Sunha Choi, Yonghoon Jun, Youngmee Ahn
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 336.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify cell phone addiction in school-age children and factors influencing addiction.
METHODS
The participants were 163 parents of elementary school students in the 1st to 4th grades. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires completed by the parents, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 IBM program.
RESULTS
Of the children, 86.5% were reported as being average users, 9.2%, at risk users, and 4.3%, at high risk users. Cell phone addiction in the children was significantly different according to games played by the children and parents' monthly income. Significant factors influencing cell phone addiction in the children were children's self-control, games played by the children, parents' cell phone addiction and parental control for children's cell phone use, explaining 24% of variance in cell phone addiction.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate that cell phone addiction in school-age children is influenced by parent-related factors as well as personal factors. Therefore approaches to education programs on cell phone use in school-age children should include parent-related factors as well as personal factors of the children.

Citations

• Development and psychometric analysis of the smombie scale for adolescents
  Sunhee Park, Sumi Oh
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 75: 89.     CrossRef
• Smartphone Use Patterns of Smartphone-dependent Children
  Jeong Hye Park
  Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(1): 47.     CrossRef
• A Study on the Longitudinal Relation Between Early Adolescents' Mobile Phone Dependency and Self-Regulated Learning Using an Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling: Multigroup Analysis Across Gender
  Yea-Ji Hong, Soon-Hyung Yi
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2016; 37(4): 17.     CrossRef
• Influence of Parental Media Use, Educational Needs, and Media Guidance for Children on Children’s Media Use
  Hyun-Young Koo, Eun-Jung Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(2): 183.     CrossRef
• Longitudinal Relationship between Addictive Use of Mobile Phones and Learning Activities for Elementary School Students : Multiple and Complex Group Analysis across Gender
  Sang-Min Jun
  Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(8): 267.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
Helicopter parenting is an emerging concept as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children. However, helicopter parenting from a nursing perspective has not been elucidated. Therefore, we undertook a concept analysis to understand the attributes, antecedents and consequences of helicopter parenting in the context of nursing.
METHODS
Using Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis, we analyzed literature on helicopter parenting to discover critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences of this phenomenon. Data were collected from seven electronic search engines. Twelve studies matching inclusion criteria were reviewed RESULTS: Three core attributes of helicopter parenting were hovering, highly deep involvement, and proxy decision making. The antecedents and consequences were retrieved from three important domains including social, parent, and child aspects. Surrogate terms were black hawk, hummingbird, and hovercraft parenting, and related terms were stealth fighter and Kamikaze parenting.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, helicopter parenting has both positive and negative effects on both children and parents. To enhance the positive effects, measurement tools for helicopter parenting and nursing interventions on parenting need to be developed.

Citations

• Helicopter Parenting and Career Decision-Making in University Students: Mediation by Fear of Failure and Self-Efficacy
  Subin Park, JeeEun Karin Nam, Kyungeun Kim
  Journal of Career Development.2025; 52(5): 599.     CrossRef
• An Investigation of Brain-Based Learning Principles in Today's Changing Conditions
  Burak Can Korkmaz
  Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi.2024; 8(2): 801.     CrossRef
• Mother's Acceptable Parenting Behavior and Children's Media Addiction: Focusing on the Controlling Effect of Child's Grit
  Yoon Kyung OH, Kyung Eun Jahng
  Journal of Families and Better Life.2024; 42(4): 1.     CrossRef
• Can helicopter parenting be beneficial for parent–child relationships? A person-centered approach in the United States and South Korea
  Woosang Hwang, Eunjoo Jung, Seonghee Kim, Narges Hadi
  Frontiers in Psychology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Influence of Perceived Helicopter Parenting, Critical Thinking Disposition, Cognitive Ability, and Learning Motivation on Learning Behavior among Nursing Students
  Hyunjoo Oh, Haeryun Cho, So Youn Yim
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(3): 1362.     CrossRef
• Experiences of the Development of Parent-Child Relations among Korean College Students
  Hyun Young Koo
  Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 420.     CrossRef
• Effects of Helicopter Parenting on Depression in Female Emerging Adults : Examining the Mediating Role of Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism
  Min-Hwa Hong, Hyun-Sim Doh
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2018; 39(6): 143.     CrossRef
• Mothers’ Helicopter Parenting and Subjective Well-being
  Gyesook Yoo, Ki Na Hwi, Yang Da Yeon
  Journal of Life-span Studies.2018; 8(2): 89.     CrossRef
• Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Helicopter Parenting Scale
  Myung-Ock Chae, So-Youn Yim, Yong-Hwa Lee, Ji-Hyun Kim, Jina Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(3): 207.     CrossRef
• Impact of Perceived Parenting Styles on Depression and Smartphone Addition in College Students
  Tae Jung Yoo, Suk-Sun Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Menta.2015; 24(2): 127.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore maternal physical activity support for preschool children.
METHODS
Survey methodology using a self-administered questionnaire was employed. Mothers with preschool children from a daycare center in Daejeon participated in the study. One hundred and fifty-six questionnaires were analyzed.
RESULTS
Mothers with preschool children showed a moderate level of physical activity support for their children. Significant factors affecting physical activity support of mothers were monthly household income (beta=.417, p=.002), maternal self-efficacy for physical activity support (beta=.231, p=.003), information for physical activity support (beta=.173, p=.022), and experience of education about physical activity support (beta=.237, p=.002). These variables explained 26.4% of the variance in physical activity support (F=7.628, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
To improve maternal support for increasing physical activity of preschool children, maternal education and appropriate information should be provided to improve self-efficacy for physical activity support.

Citations

• A 24-Hour Movement Behavior for Young Children in South Korea
  Yoonkyung Song, Justin Y. Jeon
  Exercise Science.2023; 32(2): 175.     CrossRef
• Effects of Program to Promote Obesity Prevention Behaviors on Pre-Schoolers: Focused on Kindergartener in Korea
  Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 188.     CrossRef
• Maternal Weight Control Behaviors for Preschoolers Related to Children’s Gender
  Sun-Mi Chae, Jin Suk Ra
  Journal of Child and Family Studies.2018; 27(2): 547.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Obesity and Overweight in Korean Preschool Children: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014
  Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 237.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The aims of this study is to analysis the effects of obesity management programs for children and to measure the differences in the effects by type and dependent variables in order to analyze the structures of the programs.
METHODS
Sixty-one peer-reviewed journals including child obesity and intervention studies published between 2000 and 2010 were included for meta-analysis. Effect size and statistics of homogeneity were by STAT 10.0.
RESULTS
A total of 61 studies were used in the analysis, and the effect size of the independent studies was determined to be -0.23 (95% CI, -0.32 ~ -0.15). Serum Leptin and Insulin were the big effect size among the studies that used dependent variables. The theses used in the research did not display publishing bias.
CONCLUSION
Obesity management programs that have been confirmed to be effective need to be developed into regional protocols. A continuous control of obese children and research for effective intervention program are in need.

Citations

• Health behaviors and mental health among adolescents: A comparison based on BMI using the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
  Hye-Ryeon Park, Na-Geong Kim
  Belitung Nursing Journal.2023; 9(6): 571.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: a meta-analysis
  Siyoung Choe, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Deokjin Kim
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2022; 65(2): 98.     CrossRef
• Effects of Program to Promote Obesity Prevention Behaviors on Pre-Schoolers: Focused on Kindergartener in Korea
  Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 188.     CrossRef
• Effectiveness of a combined obesity prevention program in South Korea for children from low-income families that included primary caregiver participation
  Namhee Park, Mihae Im
  Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 211.     CrossRef
• An Integrative Literature Review of Interventions for School-aged Overweight and Obese Children
  Juhyun Jo, Sang-Youn Jang, Dajeong Kum, Jihee Lim, Jeongeun Kim
  Perspectives in Nursing Science.2019; 16(2): 75.     CrossRef
• Delphi Survey for Designing a Intervention Research Study on Childhood Obesity Prevention
  Min Jeong Kim, Eunju Sung, Eun Young Choi, Young-Su Ju, Eal-Whan Park, Yoo-Seock Cheong, Sunmi Yoo, Kyung Hee Park, Hyung Jin Choi, Seolhye Kim
  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(5): 284.     CrossRef
• Effects of an Abdominal Obesity Management Program on Physiological Bio-markers of Middle-aged Women in Korea: A Meta-analysis
  KyengJin Kim, HaeSook Hong, WanJu Park, SangJin Ko, YeonKyung Na
  The Korean Journal of Obesity.2016; 25(3): 138.     CrossRef
• Evidence of Interventions for Preventing Obesity of Children and Adolescents Using Existing Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
  Seolhye Kim, Eunju Sung, Sunmi Yoo
  Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2016; 16(4): 231.     CrossRef
• Professional Identity of Elementary School Health Teachers: A Grounded Theory Approach.
  Jin Ok Kwon, Jina Oh, Eun Ha Kim, Dae Dong Hahn
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 64.     CrossRef
• Review of Meta-analysis Research on Exercise in South Korea
  Youngshin Song, Moonhee Gang, Sun-Ae Kim, In-Soo Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(5): 459.     CrossRef

Children from low income families are vulnerable to physical problems including obesity, asthma, hypertension and psychological problems including depression, anxiety. This study was done to identify trends in welfare policy for children from low-income families and future direction for solving health disparity problems. Dream Start is a government-sponsored project that offers services for vulnerable children, ages 0 (include pregnant woman) to 12 years and their families. The Korean Government has made an effort to alleviate health disparity through the 'Health Plan' by establishing health objectives. However, in spite of these efforts by the Korean government, health disparity has worsened in Korea. In order to strengthen family function as well as promote growth and development for vulnerable children, experts in child care need to be significantly involved in identifying neglected children in the community.

Citations

• Service Providers’ Perspectives on Barriers of Healthy Eating to Prevent Obesity among Low-income Children Attending Community Childcare Centers in South Korea: A Qualitative Study
  Jiyoung Park, G. A. Ten Hoor, Jeonghyun Cho, Soobin Kim
  Ecology of Food and Nutrition.2020; 59(3): 311.     CrossRef
• Unmet Healthcare Needs of Children in Vulnerable Families in South Korea: Finding from the Community Child Center Child Panel Survey
  Suyon Baek, Eun-Hi Choi, Jungeun Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2020; 17(21): 8241.     CrossRef
• Predictors of health‐promoting behaviors in children from low‐income families: An ecological approach
  Jiyoung Park
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2018; 20(1): 60.     CrossRef
• Ecological Factors Affecting School Adjustment of Low-Income Adolescents Attending Community Child Care Center
  Jiyoung Park, Youngsook Park, Jeongeun Lee, Soobin Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(2): 158.     CrossRef
• Ecological predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among children from low-income families in South Korea
  Jiyoung Park, Suyon Baek
  Children and Youth Services Review.2017; 81: 238.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to develop an emotional self-regulation program for obese children and to examine the program's effectiveness on depression, eating habits, and body mass index.
METHODS
The emotional self-regulation program was developed from theory-based strategies and a pre-post pilot study was conducted with 46 children (19: intervention, 27: control). The program included 6 weekly group sessions over 2 months. The embedded experimental model of concurrent mixed methods was used to better understand research outcomes by converging both quantitative and qualitative data. Anthropometric measurements and surveys were performed before and after the intervention. Three focus group interviews were conducted with all participants after intervention to explore their experiences.
RESULTS
The intervention group displayed decreased depression levels in the quantitative outcomes. The participants also expressed positive outcomes such as improvements in confidence, impulse management, intimacy, happiness, and losing weight.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that emotional self-regulation skills are crucial factors for obese children not only to manage their emotional problems but also to control their weight. Further research is needed with a larger sample size and randomized controlled trials.

Citations

• Effectiveness of obesity interventions among South Korean children and adolescents and importance of the type of intervention component: a meta-analysis
  Siyoung Choe, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Deokjin Kim
  Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2022; 65(2): 98.     CrossRef
• Physical Activity Assessment of Preschool Children Using Accelerometer - Including Comparison of Reintegrating Counts of Different Epoch Lengths -
  Ji-Yeon Kim, Yeon-Jung Choi, Mun-Jeong Ju, Eun-Kyung Kim
  Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(3): 214.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to develop a cell phone addiction scale for Korean parents of young children, and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the developed scale.
METHODS
The scale was developed through construction of a conceptual framework, generation of initial items, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, preliminary study, and extraction of final items. Participants were 465 parents and 178 children. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, criterion related validity, internal consistency, and split-half reliability.
RESULTS
Twenty items were categorized into three factors explaining 60.3% of total variance. Factors were named as withdrawal - 4 items, loss of control - 9 items, and persistence - 7 items. Scores for the scale were significantly correlated with self-control, impulsiveness, cell phone use, and cell phone addiction of children as measured by a scale for Korean children. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 20 items was .94, and Guttman coefficient was .87. Scale scores identified children as high risk users, at risk users, or average users by standard scores.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that the cell phone addiction scale for Korean parents is a reliable and valid instrument to measure cell phone addiction in young children.

Citations

• Development and Validation of an Ego Strength Scale for Early School-Age Children
  Se Young Kim
  Korean Journal of Child Studies.2018; 39(6): 175.     CrossRef
• Cell Phone Addiction in School-Age Children and Related Factors.
  Hyun Young Koo, Eun Jung Kim
  Child Health Nursing Research.2015; 21(1): 55.     CrossRef
• Development of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth
  Dongil Kim, Yunhee Lee, Juyoung Lee, JeeEun Karin Nam, Yeoju Chung, Amanda Bruce
  PLoS ONE.2014; 9(5): e97920.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
Humor is an important part of life. Humor has many benefits as an intervention for hospitalized children. Humor is one strategy that pediatric nurses can use to help children cope with illness and hospitalizations. The purposes of the study were to 1) review the definition of humor, 2) identify methods and skills in using humor as an intervention, 3) identify the effects of humor as an intervention, and 4) suggest further research.
METHOD
The design was a descriptive study with literature review. Previous studies were identified by searches of MEDLINE, CHNIAL, PUBMED and ProQuest.
RESULTS
Humor has positive physiological, psychological, social and communicative effects on patients and humor has a positive effect on the immune system.
CONCLUSION
The main point identified from this study suggests that humor as a nursing intervention be developed for nurses to use with children who are hospitalized. Further research is needed to develop programs for humor as an intervention for health promotion and disease prevention in children.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the health education needs of mothers who are nurturing children with disabilities.
METHOD
A descriptive study was done and the participants were 108 mothers of children with disabilities such being mentally challenged, developmentally delayed or having a disability involving brain damage. The questionnaire was a health education need assessment with 11 categories(58 items) developed by Han et al. The data were analyzed using SPSS program.
RESULTS
The mean score for health education needs of the mothers of children with disabilities was 3.83 (SD=0.58) out of a maximum 5. The health education need for acquisition of knowledge and information had the highest score (4.40+/-0.54) followed by health education needs for cognitive development and learning (4.31+/-0.64), interpersonal relationships (4.04+/-0.65) and behavior and emotion (4.04+/-0.79). There were significant differences between the children's sex (t=2.08, p=.04), birth order (t=2.17, p=.03), grade of disability (F=3.32, p=.02) and sex education suitable to the child's in age.
CONCLUSION
The health education needs of mothers of children who are disabled were very high and varied. Therefore, it was important to develop comprehensive education programs which include this content and provide opportunities for mothers of children with disabilities to receive this education.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on headaches in children.
METHOD
A quasi experimental pre-test and post (1,2,3)-test design was used. Data were collected from March 2 to April 16 2001. Forty children were assigned to an experimental (20) or control group (20). The experimental group received Hand-Acupuncture therapy on the meridian point; A30, A31, A32, A33, E8, I2, M2, M3, M5, B25, B26, B27 for each 3 minutes, while the control group rested on a bed. Data were analyzed using the SAS program with chi2-test, t-test, repeated measured ANOVA, and ANCOVA.
RESULT
In the experimental group, descriptive headache intensity (f=64.33, p=0.00), numeric headache intensity (F=74.69, 122.50, 7.52. p=0.00), and medication requirements (chi2=19.00, p=0.00) were significantly lower than those of the control group.
CONCLUSION
These findings indicate that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for reduction of headaches. Therefore, hand acupuncture therapy can be considered an independent nursing intervention for reducing headaches in children.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of group art therapy on the withdrawn behavior, social behavior, social problems, anxiousness/depression, internalizing problems, total behavior problems and self-esteem in children who are withdrawn.
METHOD
A randomized controlled pre-post test design was used. The participants were 31 children who were withdrawn attending J. P. Elementary School in Pohang City. Sixteen were assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The program consisted of20 sessions of 80 minutes per session, 2 days a week, for 10 weeks. Instruments used for this study were the Children's Behavior Check List -Korean version (K-CBCL) and a self-esteem inventory. The data were analyzed using Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS
Thescores for withdrawn behavior, social problems, anxiousness/depression, internalizing problems and total behavior problems decreased significantly in the experimental group as compare to the control group. Social behavior and self-esteem increased significantly in the experimental group as compared to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence for the pontential and beneficial effects of group art therapy in children who are withdrawn. The program could be adequately used to improve problem behavior in withdrawn children.

PURPOSE
S: The purposes of this study were to evaluate parent satisfaction with inpatient hospital services in children's hospitals and to identify variables related to parent satisfaction. METHOD: A descriptive correlation study was conducted. Parents of 165 children who were inpatients in two children's hospitals participated in the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire at the time of discharge. For statistical analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis were used. RESULTS: The highest parent satisfaction domain was nursing service, and the lowest parent satisfaction domain was hospital service and accommodations. Parents were less likely to be satisfied with hospital facilities, equipment, noise and cleaning and less likely to be satisfied with the lack of information they received and with the lack of communication with health care professionals. Parents with longer length of stay and with older children reported higher satisfaction than their counterparts. Moreover, parent satisfaction was related to their intention to revisit and related to intention to recommend this surveyed hospital over others. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to improve parent satisfaction in children's hospital service and accommodation are needed to improve the quality of health care. Communication by health care professionals with parents and a partnership between parents and health care professionals are necessary to improve quality of care.

The problem of childhood obesity is accelerating throughout the world. Korea is no longer an exception to this problem. The following topics are discussed in this review article: 1) the linkage between childhood obesity and adult obesity, which is often associated with metabolic diseases such as type2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers; 2) characteristics of childhood obesity; 3) measurement of obesity and its unique problem; 4) recent trends in interventions for childhood obesity. Lastly, the author points out that nurses are best suited for carrying out interventions to prevent obesity in childhood. As childhood obesity is a risk factor for persistence of obesity into adulthood, the need to consider the priority of prevention of obesity during childhood is emphasized in this review.

PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to provide an understanding of the difficulties for facing parents of children with terminal cancer.
METHOD
The design of this study was an inductive and descriptive study. Thirty-one parents of children with terminal cancer participated in-depth were interviewed s. C in depth and content analysis was used for analyzing the data.
RESULTS
The main categories in the findings were 'difficulties in coping', 'physical and psychological suffering of children', 'suffering of family', 'bereavement with children', 'economic problems', 'incurable situation', 'preparation of death', 'social isolation', 'coping after a child dies', 'spiritual problems', receiving active treatment', 'informing children of their condition', 'a sense of meaninglessness', 'emotional iunstability', and 'giving up hope'.
CONCLUSION
The main point identified from this result in this study was that parents who have a child with terminal cancer don't never give up the hope of recovery for their child even when the child is in by the terminal stage of their children, even though and they are unwillingly to prepare for their child's death. This is a unique characteristic in the attitude of the families' attitude in child hospice care and differs from that found in adult hospice care. This result can be used as an important guide for nurses to in assessing the parents' needs in the terminal care setting.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe quality of life (QOL) in Korean school-age children by identifying dimensions and attributes of QOL from the child's point of view.
METHOD
In-depth interviews with focus questions were used for the study. Twelve children, aged 10 to 13 years, were recruited from Seoul and rural areas. The interviews were audio-taped and transcribed before content analysis. The data were analyzed for themes and attributes. The researchers read the data together and discussed their conclusions until a consensus was reached.
RESULTS
Eight dimensions, 57 subdimensions and 101atttributes were identified for QOL in school-age children. The eight dimensions of QOL were physical, social, emotional, learning, leisure, family, self-value, and material aspects.
CONCLUSION
The study results can be utilized in developing reliable instruments to measure quality of life specific to school-age children. It is proposed that a consistent and unified policy should be established by school, family, and community for the purpose of improving the QOL of school-age children.