Purpose This study aimed to identify factors associated with maternal attachment of breastfeeding mothers, with a focus on the mothers' breastfeeding characteristics.
Methods Data were collected from 217 mothers who breastfed their healthy baby for 1 month after childbirth and had no postpartum complications. The data were analyzed by hierarchical regression analysis.
Results The factors significantly associated with maternal attachment were an emotional exchange with one's baby (β=.41, p<.001), breastfeeding confidence (β=.20, p=.022), depression ('quite a bit or more', β=-.18, p=.005), and depression ('a little', β =-.14, p=.024). The model explained 38.4% of variance in maternal attachment.
Conclusion In order to improve attachment, nurses should be actively supported in helping mothers in the first month postpartum adapt to breastfeeding. Interventions to prevent postpartum depression should also be conducted.
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Purpose This study was conducted to monitor the development of Korean premature infant at six-month age and to explore factors related to developmental status of the premature infants.
Methods Participants were 58 premature infants whose corrected age was six-months old and their mothers. The developmental states of infants were followed-up with the Korean Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (KPDQ-II). Clinical characteristics of the infants were identified from the medical records. Other characteristics including Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, husband’s support, social support, and mother-infant attachment were assessed using self-report questionnaires from the mothers.
Results Forty three percent of the infants were in the group of questionable status of development on the KPDQ-II. There were significant differences between the premature infants with normal developmental status and those with questionable developmental status depending on gender (χ2 = 5.03, p = .034), gestational age (t = 2.59, p = .012), hospital stay (p = .013), revised Neurobiologic Risk Score (p = .005) and mother-infant attachment score (t = 2.12, p = .040).
Conclusion Mother-infant attachment, as well as physiological state of premature infants, is an important variable in early development. Therefore, early monitoring for the development has to be done for physiologically vulnerable premature groups. Also, providing proper nursing support to improve maternal attachment needs to be considered.
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PURPOSE This descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of attachment security to social anxiety and depression. In addition, the mediating effect of self competency in relation to attachment security and the other variables was investigated. METHODS Data were collected from 194 students in grade 5 or 6, and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierachical multiple regression were used with SPSS/PC 12.0 program to analyze the data. The instruments used were Kerns, Klepac and Cole's Security Scale, La Greca & Stones' Revised Social Anxiety Scales for children (SASC-R), Cho and Lee's Korean form of Kovacs' children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Harter' Self-perception Profile for Children. RESULTS There were significantly negative effects between attachment security and the variables, social anxiety and depression. Also, self competency was negatively correlated with social anxiety and depression. Self competency had a significant mediating effect on the relation of social anxiety and depression to attachment security. CONCLUSION For the effective management and prevention of social anxiety and depression in school-aged children, programs including strategies to increase self competency should be developed. These programs can increase self competency which has a mediator role between attachment security and the other variables (social anxiety and depression).
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PURPOSE This study, using a pre-post test design of non-equivalence comparative group, was done to determine effects of Kangaroo care (KC) on growth in premature infants and on maternal attachment (MA). METHODS: Fifty-three premature infants were assigned to the KC (24) or control group (CG) (29). Data were collected from July 2007 to June 2008. KC was given for 60 min at a time, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 10 times. Weight, height, and head circumference (HC) of premature infants were checked before the program started. Following the initial measurement, the program was given and measurements were taken again at the end of the program. For measurement of attachment between mother and infant, data collection was done using structured self-reported questionnaires. RESULTS: KC group had a higher weight (t=2.565, p=.013), height (t=2.182, p=.034) and HC (t=2.468, p=.017) than the CG. Compared to the CG, the KC had significantly higher scores in MA (t=2.026, p=.048). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the practice of KC in the nursing environment might actively promote attachment between mother and infant as well as acceleration of growth for premature infants as one of the most efficient nursing intervention.
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PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the effects of systematic information on maternal attachment, parenting stress and maternal confidence of mothers of premature infants. METHODS Using a non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design, 42 participants were assigned to one of two groups, an experimental group (n=20), which received systematic information; and a control (n=22), which received the usual discharge education. Prior to the intervention, baseline data were collected (pretest) and then the systematic information was provided four times for the experimental group. Maternal attachment, parenting stress and maternal confidence were measured. Data were collected three times: Seven to 10 days prior to discharge, day of discharge, and two weeks after discharge. RESULTS Mothers in the experimental group had significantly higher scores in maternal attachment (F=6.16, p=.005), lower parenting stress scores (F=5.56, p=.004), and higher scores for maternal confidence (F=16.50, p<.001) than mothers in the control group. These tendencies were progressively enhanced even two weeks after discharge from the hospital. CONCLUSION The results indicate that provision of systematic information to mothers with premature infants is an effective intervention to enhance mothers' maternal attachment, decrease parenting stress, and enhance maternal confidence.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and the related factors of attachment-oriented caretaking behavior in mothers who are breast-feeding their infants. METHOD The subjects were 155 mothers who participated in a healthy breast-feeding contest in the Busan area. The data were collected from September 24, 2003, and were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0. RESULTS The mothers were highly affirmative in their attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors (total mean 2.59+/-.502 of a possible score of 3). Among the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors (10 items), the scores for 6 items were higher than the average score and 4 items were lower than the average score. There were significant differences in the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors according to level of education (p<0.05), and planned duration of breast-feeding (p<0.001).
Mothers with university education who planned to breast-feed as long as the baby wanted had higher scores. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that nursing interventions which are individualized and practical are needed to encourage the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors essential to breast-feeding mothers.
PURPOSE The quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of the integrated NICU hospitalization education on maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS in the 26 mothers of high-risk infants(HRI). METHOD The subjects were divided into the experimental group to received the integrated NICU hospitalization education included the enforced direct education of NICU and HRI to the mothers using a booklet and the provision of the neomaternal exposure as soon as possible after delivery. The control group received the routine education of the NICU hospitalization, mostly including the admission process and the NICU rules delivering to the husband. The research variables were maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem, and EPDS. RESULTS The results showed the increases in these variables after the integrated education in experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION It supports the benefits of the early direct NICU education and the neomaternal exposures on maternal adaptation process in the mothers of HRI.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect on mother-fetus attachment through mother-fetus interaction promotion program of talking and tactual stimulation aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primipara Non-equivalent control group posttest design was used. Fifty primiparas (26 mothers for intervention group and 24 mothers for control group) were recruited from three general hospital and an OBGY clinic located in Gang Nung city. Data was collected from January 30th to December 20th in 2001. For the intervention group, programed education which focused on mother-fetus interaction promotion of talking and tactile stimulation in the 1st trimester. Telephone counselling was provided with interval of two weeks. For two groups, home visiting for data collection of mother-fetus attachment was conducted at 36 to 38 weeks of gestational age. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and Fisher' Exact test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effect of intervention program was determined with t-test. The result was as follow: The significant difference was found in mother-fetus attachment between two groups(t= 2.772, P= 0.0079). It indicated that intervention program was effective in improving mother-fetus attachment. In conclusion, this study has shown that the applied nursing intervention aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primiparas to fetus's movement promoted mother-fetus attachment. Therefore, this study suggests that this nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus's movement should be broadly applied to primiparas, which can be beneficial for formation of mother-infant relationship, and for promotion of the social, affective, and cognitive developments of their children.
PURPOSE Adolescence is viewed as a critical period in the formation of health behavior and many health behaviors developed during this era persist into adulthood.
Social-cognitive theory, self-efficacy as a central construct, has been used to predict and intervene the health behavioral patterns in adolescent. Previous research demonstrated that the attachment in childhood and self-esteem as psychosocial factors are predictors of the health efficacy in adolescent and it is viewed as solely an antecedent for the lifelong health behavior. METHOD To investigate the path pattern of attachment in childhood, self-esteem and health efficacy in adolescents, 381 adolescents in high school from two urban cities in Korea were recruited for cross-sectional sample. Attachment in childhood was measured using Mother-Father-Peer Scale.
Self esteem was measured with Hare self esteem. Perceived self efficacy in Health was measured by the School Health Efficacy Questionnaire. The path analysis revealed a significant relationship between attachment in childhood and self-esteem, self-esteem and health efficacy in adolescents.
Self esteem was the strongest contributing factor for health efficacy in adolescent. The results suggest that attachment in childhood may aid in formulating positive self -esteem in adolescents and self-esteem played a major role in predicting health efficacy in adolescents. CONCLUSION Therefore, self-esteem enrichment should be incorporated with adolescent health promotion and certainly should be a component in any health education program in school health program and interventions. These results have implications of psychosocial and family related factors on health promotion and health education for the health care provider with regard to primary and secondary prevention in adolescent population.
PURPOSE This study is designed to test the effects of a full body massage on Apgar score, postpartum mother's childbirth experience, and mother-infant attachment for primipara during labor. METHOD Data were collected using a quasi-experiment method (nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design) from November 1, 2001 to July 31, 2002. The subjects for this experiment consist of 28 women in the experimental group and 29 in the control group, out of 57 primipara hospitalized at the U OB & GYN hospital in Inchon. A 20 minute full body massage was given to the experimental group on each of three delivery phases (latent, active, and transition), and a conventional delivery care to the control group. The experimental tools for the study are Apgar score scale developed by Apgar(1958), postpartum mother's childbirth experience scale developed by Marut and Mercer(1979), and mother-infant attachment scale developed by Cropley et al(1981). The data collected were analyzed using t-test, chi2 test, and ANCOVA on the SPSS program. RESULT The results of the experiment are as follows: One minute(t=6.756, p=.000; F=9.181, p=.004), and five minute(t=6.129, p=.000; F=7.918, p=.007) Apgar score are increased significantly. Postpartum mother's childbirth experience is significantly increased(t=11.691, p=.000; F=11.741, p=.001). Verbal touch score(t=5.256, p=.000; F=7.169, p=.010), skin touch score(t=11.332, p=.000; F=27.073, p=.000), and total score(t=12.105, p=.000; F=30.104, p=.000) of postpartum mother's childbirth experience are significantly increased, but not for eye touch score(t=3.236, p=.002; F=.800, p=.375). CONCLUSION This study shows that a full body massage has a significant positive effect on Apgar score, postpartum mother's childbirth experience. and mother-infant attachment. Therefore, it is suggested that the full body massage might be used clinically to help primipara during labor.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate parenting attitudes and to identify factors influencing this parenting attitude in mothers of children with hemophilia. METHOD The participants in this study were 119 mothers of children with hemophilia (under 18 years of age) who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation. Data were collected using the Mother-Infant Attachment Scale, Maternal Guilt Scale and Parenting Attitude Scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS program. RESULTS The parenting attitude was 3.02 (total possible score=4). By subcategories, achievement attitude was the highest (3.45). Of the factors influencing parenting attitudes, mother-child attachment, maternal guilt and self-esteem account for 45.6% of the variance. CONCLUSION The findings of this study show that attitudes of parents of children with hemophilia were positive. As mother-child attachment and maternal guilt were identified as major factors in predicting parenting attitudes, there is a need to consider interventions that will increase mother-child attachment and decrease maternal guilt.
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to evaluate effects of massage therapy and the attachment promotion program with autistic children. METHOD A quasi-experimental design was conducted with a convenience sample of 44 autistic children. The experimental group (n= 23) attended the massage therapy and the attachment promotion program for 4 months. The control group (n=21) only had the attachment promotion program.
Measurements were made twice for both groups using the social maturity scale and child autism rating scale.
Recording of mother-child attachment was done for 15 minutes in only the experimental group twice using video equipment. RESULTS After 4 months of interventions, there was significant difference on social maturity (F=9.01, p=.005) between the groups. However, there was no significant difference on CARS ((F=2.47, p=.124). The total scores of mother-child attachment between pre- and post-interventions showed a significant difference (Z=-3.42, p=.001). CONCLUSION The results showed that massage therapy and the attachment promotion program might be an effective way for providing a chance to increase social maturation and to increase attachment between mother and autistic child.
PURPOSE In this study, the internet game addiction level was assessed, and parent-child attachment level associated with the addiction was analyzed. METHOD From December 5 to 23, 2005, self-reported questionnaire data were collected from 990 Busan City elementary school students of the 5th and 6th grades. The questionnaire consisted of questions about their characteristic features in playing internet games based on the K-scale developed by KADO. The data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 10.0 program. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation, chi2-test, ANOVA analysis and Scheffe test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS 1. With regard to the level of internet game addiction, 71.2% of the students responded that they were general users, and 6.3%, at high risk for addiction. Mean scores were 103.3 for the high-risk group, 77.7 for the potential risk group, and 55.86 for the general user group.
The total mean was 63.74. 2. Mean scores for parent-child attachment levels were 97.1 and 99.6 for father and mother, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a collaborative program to educate and counsel parents to increase the parent-child attachment level needs to be established in protection and recovery programs for internet game addiction.
PURPOSE This study was to develop a nursing intervention for infants nursing. Meridian massage and to investigate its effects on the behavioral state of the infants, mothering role satisfaction and mother-infant attachment. METHOD This study was conducted using a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design in quasi experimental basis. Infants and mothers from Y health center were selected for the experimental group(17) and control group(14). Data were collected from August 11, 2005 to February 24, 2006. Infants in the experimental group were given Meridian massage education and practice for 50min three times a week for 3 weeks. RESULTS For behavioral state, when inactive infants in the experimental group showed a statistical significant difference by being in a greater state of alert as compared to the control group. The attachment of mother and infant was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group. Satisfaction with mothering role was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group. CONCLUSION Meridian massage is an effective nursing intervention to improve positive behavioral state in infants and also in maternal-infant interaction.
Purpose This study was performed to compare the difference of maternal attachment and the maternal role confidence between mother who feeds the child with mother's milk in sanitary pack by a nurse instead of her and mother who feeds the child with artificial milk. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of mothers of premature baby who was in NICU and can not be fed with mother's milk directly. In the sample, 21 mothers were the breast feeding group and 20 were the bottle feeding group. Data were collected from April 3, 2004 to November 2, 2005, and were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0. Results: The degree of maternal attachment and maternal role confidence of the breast milk feeding group was higher than that of the bottle feeding group. In accordance with general characteristics, the difference was found in maternal attachment and maternal role confidence both breast feeding group and bottle feeding group. Conclusion More systematic nursing mediation is required for the lactation of mother's milk in sanitary pack is planned to do positive interaction between mother and the child, which has an influence on the formation of maternal attachment and the of maternal role confidence after hospitalization.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Yakson therapy conducted by the mother of preterm infants on maternal attachment and attachment behavior. METHOD A quasi experimental pre-post test design was used.
The data were collected from January, to October, 2005. The participants were 30 mothers of preterm infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (15 in the Yakson therapy group and 15 in control group). Yakson therapy consisted of three phases: laying on hands, caressing by a hand, and laying on hands again. Each phase took 5 minutes. Yakson therapy was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes 5 times a day for 15 days. Data were analyzed using the SAS program with Chi square-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores in maternal attachment (F=5.54, p=.0258). The attachment behavior of the experimental group was also higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that Yakson therapy can be used to improve maternal attachment and attachment behavior.
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