Diaper dermatitis, or commonly called "diaper rash", is among the most prevalent cutaneous disorders of infancy and early childhood and important issue in nursing. The term itself is not diagnostic since it encompasses a variety of acute inflammatory reactions which are best regarded as a family of disorders arising from a combination of factors specifically attributable to the use of diapers. Intensive study of the rash process has shown that skin wetness and fecal enzyme activity are damaging to skin and lead to the development of diaper rash. This suggests that it is important to keep urine away from babies' skin, so that the skin remains as dry as possible and maintains its barrier function abilities. Controlling the urine will also minimize the mixing of urine and feces within the diaper, which helps prevent the increased activity of enzymes that attack the skin and cause irritation. Therefore, a diaper that keeps the skin drier and limits the mixing of urine and feces will help prevent the conditions that lead to diaper rash. Since their introduction about 35 years ago, disposable baby diapers have undergone many design and performance changes. In particular, the performance of diapers was advanced by the introduction of absorbent gel materials(AGMs) to provide advantages in skin care, dryness, and leakage protection. Especially, important was the introduction of AGM which increased the absorbent capacity of the diaper several fold and yielded marked reductions in the degree of skin hydration occurring under the diaper. Studies show not only drier skin but more stable skin pH and less dermatitis with AGM diapers than with home-laundered cloth diapers or single-use diapers without AGM. Minimizing diaper area skin wetness is important for managing and preventing diaper rash. To minimize wetness, parents should use super absorbent diapers, change them frequently, and gently clean the perineal area with each diaper change. In addition to the skin care benefits, disposable diapers are also better than cloth diapers in minimizing the risk of diarrhea outbreaks among infants and toddlers in day-care environments by reducing fecal contamination and minimizing the potential for transmission of gastro-intestinal tract disease in day-care settings. Furthermore, disposable diapers in the hospital provide nursing, health care, and other advantages over cloth diapers: convenience for nurses and parents, and better containment than cloth with less handling, decreasing the chance of spreading infections. These benefits extend from the care of infants in hospitals to children at home or in day care centers.

This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design in quasi experimental basis and newly born premature infants from intensive care unit of G Medical University Hospital in Inchon Metropolitan were selected in two groups of 21 infants each. The first group for experimental and the other for control. Data has been collected form October 30, 1997 to August 29, 1998. For the experimental group tactile and kinesthetic stimulation was applied 2 times a day for10 days(10:00 ~ 11:00 hours in the morning and 17:00 ~ 18:00 in the afternoon). As a weight weighing instrument, electronic indicator scale(Cas Co. korea) was used. Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using X2-test, student t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson correlated coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. The result were as follow. 1. As for the daily weight gain, the experimental group showed first change in weight and this group also showed higher weight in the average weight than the control group. Statistically, however, there was no significant factor between the two groups. 2. In the correlation between general characteristics and weight gain, gestation period, apgar score, admission period before study, N.P.O. period after birth, recovery period to birth weight showed statistical significance negative correlation with weight gain in the experimental group than control group. 3. In the factor with affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recovery period to birth weight and head circumference in the experimental group, control group showed recovery period to birth weight, N. P. O. period after birth, admission period before study, feeding amount, weight of study. In conclusion, the sensory stimulation in this study showed a positive aspect through there was no statistical significance in the weight gain. In the correlation of general characteristics and weight gain showed statistical significance negative correlation. The main factor which affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recovery period to birth weight.

This study was performed to understand pediatric pain management status and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. In addition, it aimed to provide basic data in order to establish effective nursing intervention strategies by confirming the barriers of effective pain management in practice. The subjects were 195 nurses working in pediatric units(general pediatric unit, oncology unit, neonatal unit, neonatal ICU, pediatric ICU) of 8 university hospitals and one general hospital. Data was collected by the questionnaire from the 3rd of August to the 20th of September in 1999. The instrument developed by Sanna(1999) to measure nurses' knowledge and their attitudes and the other tool by Cleeland(1984) to evaluate barriers in effective pain management was used. Results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Most nurses learn about the pain management knowledges from through regular curriculum of nursing school(62.0%). And almost nurses(90.8%) don't used to utilize pain assessment tool, but the "Faces Rating Scale" is the most frequently used by nurses. 2. The use of pain medication(65.6%) is most frequently taken by nurses as pain management and is followed by massage (55.9%), distraction(27.7%). 3. Nurses' knowledge level is moderate (Mn=3.07). Nurses don't seem to understand pediatric physical development (Mn= 2.86), psychological development(Mn=2.94) well, meanwhile they seem relatively quite knowledgeable about the way pain emerges. 4. Nurses' attitudes toward pain is based on behavioral and physiological responses to pain. They believe 'changes in behavior are a way of assessing pain in child' and 'acute pain increases the number of respiration'. Nurses are ready to accept pediatric pain, but are not positive in adopting pain intervention in practice. 5. The barriers of effective pain management are inadequate assessment of pain and pain relief(81.5%), ineffective incorporation among health professionals(80%), and lack of equipment or skills(80.0%).

The purpose of this study was to compare the sleep characteristics between the prone and the supine position in healthy newborns. The 48 newborns were observed in the prone position and the supine position respectively on the 2nd day after birth. The data were collected from January to May, 1999. The state of a newborn was classified and categorized to 6 states (deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) by Barnard. The movements of eyes, face and extremities, pulse and arterial oxygen were observed and recorded continuously from the start of sleep after feeding until the time of being woken for the next feeding by a trained nurse. The data was analyzed by using paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference in the length of sleeping time between the prone and the supine position. 2. There was no significant difference in the length and frequencies of each states(deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) between the prone and the supine position. But the frequency of light sleep in the supine position was significantly higher than that of the prone position. 3. There was no significant difference in the numbers of eyes movements between the prone and the supine sleep position. But the amount of facial and extremity movement in the supine position was significantly higher than those in the prone position 4. There was no significant difference in the arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. 5. There was no significant difference in the heart rates between the prone and the supine sleep position. The above results indicated that the newborns in the prone position moved less and slept deeper than those in the supine position, though there was no difference in the length of sleep or arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. But, Nurses and mothers should consider the relationship between the sleep position and SIDS suggested by previous researches. The infant's 'awakening' during sleep is a normal process and rather valuable because it can provide an opportunity to promote a stronger relationship between mother and baby. So, It is suggested that the supine sleep position is better than the prone sleep position for infants.

The lengthened average span of human life by virtue of recent developments in medicine has caused the population of elders to increase. The development of modern industrial society has transformed family structure from the large family system to that of a nuclear family. Due to the shift in family structure, the problem of support for the aged has surfaced as a nursing problem as well as a social problem. With regard to this problem, this study aims to investigate the adolescent's understanding of elders and aging. By identifying their understanding and classifying their attitude patterns, this study will help the nursing assessment of the support of elders in the family. This study employed Q-methodology, and the research was conducted from December, 1998 to May, 1999. One method of the research included deep interviews with elders, those who are in their 50's, 40's or 30's, and the adolescent. 183 Q-populations taken from literary works such as poems or novels were also formed as another method. Finally, 36 Q-cards were made after consultation with professors of the nursing department. The subjects of the P- sample were 30 high schoolboys/girls - who were in first, second, and third years. The result showed that 3 factors provided an explanation for 59.14% of the whole variables: the first factor, 41.37%; the second factor, 11.49%; and the third factor, 6.28%. These three factors were analyzed and categorized as three types. Twenty subjects out of the 30 were included in Type 1: Respecting Elders. The statements which showed the most positive consent were as follows: "The declining age is a perfect time to prosper completing a worthy life"; "Getting old, one needs financial stability"; and "Elders wish the best for their children." The statements showing the most negative response were as follows: "It is better to die than to live as an older person"; "Elders are insignificant"; and "Getting old is the worst unhappiness that tortures human."Four subjects were included in Type 2: Resenting Elders. The statements which showed the most positive consent were as follows: "Aging is a process of dying that nobody can escape from"; "Elders should be concerned about his health and try to maintain their health"; and "When you get older, you regret about the life in the past." The statements showing the most negative response were as follows: "When you get older, you should stand aloof greed and worldly things"; "When you get older, you become generous and gentle"; and "When you get he gets old, you change to become a comfortable and warm person." Six out of 30 subject were included in Type 3: Caring Elders. The statements which showed the most positive consent were as follows: "Elders should be concerned about his health and try to maintain their health"; "Elders wish the best for their children"; and "Elders deserve to be treated with filial respects." The statements showing the most negative response were as follows: "Elders are insignificant"; "Elders have freedom and plenty of free time."; and "Elders are alienated form and drove out of the society."The above-mentioned results show that most adolescents in Korea recognize aging as the time of fruition and development; it is a time of benefiting and giving back to society. Aging can also be seen as a time of generosity and magnanimity and the time of respect and favorable treatment from society, despite the change of modern society and the ostensible transformation of a family system. Their recognition seems deeply rooted in the traditional confucian values and the dual family system which is peculiar especially to the Korea - one which maintains both the superficial form of nuclear family and the substantial mode of the enlarged family system. In sum, many Korean adolescents attribute the meaning of the elderly and aging to the type of the respect with the elderly and the type of the elderly's caretaking.

To understand and identity the meaning of sexuality in middle school girls and boys, the qualitative research was done. We made the in-depth unstructured interviews with 33 participants form July to October 1998. We analyzed the data according to the Collaizzi's phenomenological method. After repeated reading and interpretation of data, 15 themes and 7 basic structures were deducted. Followings were 7 basic structures: physical touch and exposure, relationship with male and female, difference between male and female, natural and inevitable life process, something should be hidden, interest and abstinence, and female as victim. According to above results, we would like to propose followings on the sexuality of middle school students: First, the research on the meaning of sexuality of high school and university students should be followed-up. Second, the measuring tool of sexual behaviour of the middle school students should be developed including the contents of 15 themes and 7 basic structures of this study.

Oral medication is one of the most frequent treatment in clinical care, and frequently refused by children. Children's refusal spends unuseful time and require nurses' patience. So this study was attempted to develop token economy program which promote children's medication, and to evaluate its' effect to construct the experimental ground. This study was a quasi experimental study under the nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The subjects of this study were 48 children who were aged 3-12 years and admitted pediatric ward because of their respiratory disease. Token economy program was consisted of cartoon record paper with stickers which expresses the better medication is taken the more germs die, and gift was given for back up reinforcer. To evaluate this program, time spent for oral medication was measured six time to both experimental group and control group, and measured the perceived effectiveness of this program by nurses. To determine the effect of the program, the data were analyzed by the SAS 6.12 program with t-test and mean, standard deviation. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In experimental group, time spent for oral medication was significantly shorter than in control group(t=5.24, p=0.0001). Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was strongly accepted. 2. Nurses perceived this program as an effective one(mean=3.125 ~ 3.792). The effectiveness occurred before, during and after medication as well as in parental responses, especially in using verbal dissatisfaction after medication. In conclusion, it was found that the token economy program for admitted children was effective in inducing the children's behavior of oral medication. There was no effectiveness in very highly anxious children. Whereas, it is recommended that this program should not be used for such children until they settle down. If the token economy program was made in various situation with creative thinking, it will be very useful nursing measurement, especially in caring for children. To improve the quality of nursing care, the various programs, which can give joyfulness to stressed patients should be developed.

The purpose of this study was to take the right direction and meet the requirements of newspaper function about child health through evaluation of child health information articles in newspapers. Data were collected 4 main daily newspaper by selecting child health information articles during 1 year from January 1 to December 31, 1998. The results of this study are as follows. The frequency according to health category, disease treatment(47.7%) topped followed by health maintenance?promotion(28.8%), growth?development(12.1%), disease prevention(11.4%). The frequency according to WHO international disease classification, infectious disease (23.6%) take most. In evaluation area of child health information, practical usage(3.78) topped followed by accuracy(3.68), comprehensiveness(3.64), clearness (3.48), concreteness(3.33).

The purpose of this study was to compare degree of complication and discomfort between application & non - application of a sand bag after 3hours, 6hours, 18hours of a cardiac catheterization. The results were as follows: 1) There was no difference in a degree of occurrence of a complication and pain of the femoral punture site between application and non-application of a sand bag after the cardiac catheterization. 2) A degree of a discomfort between application and non-application of a sand bag after the cardiac catheterization recorded the highest scores in the application group of a sand bag 6 hours after the cardiac catheterization.

Injuries are important causes of death and disability. The purpose of this study was to determine how often preschoolers have injuries and what factors affect the injury occurrences. The sample consisted of 360 preschoolers who were registered at eight nurseries located in Sedaemoongu, Seoul. The data were analyzed using the SAS PC statistical package. The results of the study are as follows: During last 12 months 73.1% of 360 preschoolers had accidental injuries. In an analysis of the location where the injury took place, showed that the most places were in the nursery(17.3%) and around home(14.4%), and the most place inside home were in the bedroom(13.9%) and living room(13.9%). There were the diverse and injurious risks inside the home as well as around home. The most frequent type of injury was abrasion(27.5%) and most children injured their legs(28.3%). They were treated most frequently at home(52.8%) and usually emergency treatment was performed by family members with disinfection being the main type of first aid. To identify factors related to injury occurrence, multiple logistic regression was performed and the main factors were the age of child, active tendency, and mother's education level.

The purpose of this study was to identify of parent-child relationship, perceived social support and coping of female in late adolescents and its relationships. The underlying assumption is that parent-child relationship based on internal working cognition affects on perceived social support and coping. The sample was consisted of 277 female students of college. The instruments used in this study were Parental bonding instrument (PBI)(Parker, Tupling & Brown, 1979), Personal resources questionnaire : PRQ-part II (Weinert & Brant, 1987), and Way of coping (Folkman & Lazarus, 1985). The data was analyzed using frequencies, correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and t-test. As a result, perceived social support correlated positively with parental care and negatively with parental overprotection. Perceived social support showed positive relationship with coping. Perceived social support differed according to parent-child relationship type. The group of "affectionate constraint", high care and high overprotection, reported high perceived social support, but "affectionless control"(low care and high overprotection) reported low perceived social support. The group of high perceived social support showed higher parental care and higher coping than low one. The group of high coping showed higher parental care, lower parental overprotection and higher perceived social support than low one. Findings from this study linking retrospective accounts of early parental relationships to current working models concerning the nature of supportive relationships are consistent with attachment theory that individual who, as children, experienced relationships with their parents that were independent-encourage, affectionate, and not overprotective developed working models of others as available to provide social support. This study confirmed that perceived social support significantly related to coping in dealing with stress.