Purpose This study presents methodological research that aimed to verify the content validity, construct validity, reliability, and criterion-related validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), originally developed by Milner and then translated into Korean by Ahn.
Methods Data used in this study were collected from 209 mothers of infants, toddlers, and children of preschool age in D metropolitan city. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.
Results The Korean version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (K-CAPI) was developed by condensing 44 of the original 77 CAPI items. Four factors of K-CAPI were extracted using principal component analysis. These 4 factors-distress; problems with child, self, family, and others; unhappiness; rigidity-accounted for 54.01% of variance. The Cronbach's ⍺ was .96, the Guttman split-half coefficient was .88, and test-retest reliability was r=.86 (p<.001).
Conclusion The results of this study established the reliability and validity of the K-CAPI and found it to be an appropriate tool to evaluate mothers’ potential to abuse their children.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with career maturity among Korean high school students.
Methods A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted using secondary data from the 2012 Korean Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS). The participants were 496 high school students who completed the supplemental survey for children, which included items on career maturity, self-esteem, study stress, teacher attachment, relationship with parents, peer attachment, depression and anxiety. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square-test, the t-test, and a decision tree were used for data analysis.
Results The decision tree identified five final nodes predicting career maturity after forcing self-esteem as the first variable. The highest predicted rate of high career maturity was associated with high self-esteem, experience of career counseling, and high teacher attachment. The lowest predicted rate of high career maturity was associated with low self-esteem and low attachment to friends.
Conclusion Factors influencing career maturity were varied by levels of self-esteem in Korean high school students. Thus, it is necessary to develop different approaches to enhance career maturity according to levels of self-esteem.
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Purpose This study aimed to investigate incidence of delirium in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to analyze associated risk factors.
Methods The participants were 95 patients, newborn to 18 years, who were admitted to the PICU. The instruments used were the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS), and the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium. Data analysis was performed using the descriptive, x2 test, t-test, and logistic regression analyses.
Results The incidence of delirium in children admitted to the PICU was 42.1%. There were significant differences according to age (x2=14.10, p=.007), admission type (x2=7.40, p=.007), use of physical restraints (x2=26.11, p<.001), RASS score (x2=14.80, p=.001), need for oxygen (x2=5.31, p=.021), use of a mechanical device (x2=9.97, p=.041), feeding (x2=7.85, p=.005), and the presence of familiar objects (x2=29.21, p<.001). Factors associated with the diagnosis of delirium were the use of physical restraint (odds ratio [OR]=13.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]=4.16~45.95, p<.001) and the presence of familiar objects (OR=0.09, 95% CI=0.03~0.30, p=.002).
Conclusion Periodic delirium assessments and intervention should be actively performed. The use of restraints should be minimized if possible. The caregiver should surround the child with familiar objects and ensure a friendly hospital environment that is appropriate for the child.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of diaper dermatitis (DD), knowledge of DD prevention and treatment, and diaper hygiene practices among mothers with diaper-wearing children.
Methods The participants were 176 mothers who presented to an outpatient clinic at a children’s hospital with diaper-wearing children. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire.
Results The percent of correct answer for knowledge about DD was 59.7%. Almost half of the participants’ children had experienced at least 1 episode of DD during the last 6 months. Inappropriate diaper hygiene practices, such as using talcum powder on DD and rubbing with a dry towel after cleansing, were reported. Moreover, only 37% of mothers used the recommended skin barrier to prevent DD. Although many children suffer from DD, levels of educational experience and perceived need for education on this topic were low. Almost 70% of mothers obtained DD-related information through internet sites.
Conclusion Educating parents about the etiology of DD and evidence-based diaper hygiene practices is an important aspect of effective DD prevention and treatment. Internet sites or smartphone apps may be effective methods for education on DD prevention and treatment considering parents’ preferences for ways to obtain health information.
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Purpose A hand-washing program using role-playing was developed for preschool children and tested to verify its usefulness.
Methods The participants were 46 preschool children (experimental group, 23; control group, 23). Data were collected from August 7, 2017 to September 20, 2017. The first posttest was carried out on the day after the initial intervention was completed, and the second posttest was performed after a month. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, Fisher exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney test, and Friedman test.
Results In the experimental group, the frequency of practicing hand-washing was significantly higher than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.94, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.15, p=.002). The accuracy of hand-washing was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group on the next day (z=-4.02, p<.001) and after a month (z=-3.86, p<.001).
Conclusion The hand-washing program developed in this study was found to be an effective intervention strategy for improving the frequency and accuracy of hand-washing among preschool children.
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Purpose This prospective study was conducted to determine the incidence and related characteristics of respiratory medical device-related pressure ulcers (MDRPU) in children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
Methods The participants were 184 children who were admitted to the PICU of P University Hospital from April 2016 to January 2017. Data were collected on the occurrence of respiratory MDRPU and characteristics regarding the application of respiratory medical devices.
Results Respiratory MDRPU occurred in 11.9% of participants (58.3%: stage I ulcers, 37.5%: mucosal ulcers). The devices associated with respiratory MDRPU were endotracheal tubes (54.2%), high-flow nasal cannulas (37.5%), and oximetry probes (8.3%). Respiratory MDRPU associated with an endotracheal tube were significant differences according to the site and strength of fixation, the use of a bite block and adhesive tape, skin dryness, and edema. In high-flow nasal cannulas, significant differences were found according to the site of fixation, immobility after fixation, and skin dryness.
Conclusion The occurrence of respiratory MDRPU is significantly affected by the method and strength of fixation, as well as skin dryness and edema. Therefore, appropriate consideration of these factors in nursing care can help prevent respiratory MDRPU.
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Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study analyzed 175 emergency department nurses caring for pediatric patients at 7 university hospitals with more than 500 beds, located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The measurement tool was modified from the Classification of Standard Nursing Activities to measure the frequency, importance of PENP, and nursing competence. It comprised 143 items in 16 domains of PENP.
Results The most frequent nursing practice was the domain of ‘nursing records and environmental management’ and the least frequent practice was the ‘research and consulting’ domain. The nursing care domain perceived to be most important by nurses was ‘specialized intensive nursing care’. The nursing care domain with the highest level of nursing competence was ‘hygiene care’, and the domain with the least level of nursing competence was the ‘research and consulting’.
Conclusion These results will be utilized as basic data for future pediatric emergency nursing education initiatives and for establishing priorities of nursing policy to improve health care for children admitted to the emergency department.
Purpose The study aimed to develop a play toolkit to facilitate infants’ and toddlers' symbolic thought and fine motor development.
Methods This study used a methodological study design including two phases of development and evaluation. After reviewing the play culture and developmental health issues in Kyrgyzstan through a literature review and interviews with local experts and parents, the toolkit was developed and evaluated using content validity and utilization tests.
Results The toolkit was based on Westby’s symbolic play and the fine motor milestones in the Bright Futures Guidelines. The Toolkits were composed of an overall suggested play schedule according to the child’s age, four kinds of play props, and a utilization guidebook for parents. The play props were a felt book, sorting and assembling blocks, cup blocks, and a tangram. The guidebook contained age-appropriate operating methods and alternative ways to use the materials.
Conclusion A play toolkit was developed to enhance nurturing practices among parents of infants and toddlers. The findings may help facilitate effective interactions between parents and their children. Considering that nurturing care is critical for achieving better child health outcomes, enhancing parenting resources and parent-child relations could function as an effective strategy for promoting child health.
Purpose This study investigated differences in the relationships of factors including emotional problems, self-perception, parental behavior, and peer attachment with smartphone dependency (SD) among middle school, high school, and college students in South Korea.
Methods This study used data from a nationwide sample of 1,882 middle school, 1,821 high school, and 1,346 college students who owned smartphones. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were conducted to investigate the predictors of SD based on school level.
Results SD scores significantly differed across school levels. Female gender, more aggressive behavior, less ego-identity, and less monitoring parental behavior were linked to higher SD at all school levels. Less self-esteem and intrusive parental behavior were linked to SD in middle school students. In high school students, additional factors related to higher levels of SD were resilience, intrusive / inconsistent parental behavior, peer trust and alienation, and depression. Additionally, resilience, over-expectant parental behavior, and peer trust were linked to higher SD in college students.
Conclusion This study provides insights into SD and predictors of SD among middle school, high school, and college students. Based on these findings, SD prevention programs should be developed according to the developmental stages of adolescents and young adults.
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Purpose This study was conducted to analyze physical symptom-related and life-style factors affecting suicidal ideation of senior grade students in elementary school.
Methods Physical symptom-related and life-style factors were used to investigate suicidal ideation among 663 elementary school students. From February 11 to 15, 2018, data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using the x2 test, Pearson correlation analysis, and logistic regression analysis in SPSS for Windows version 22.0.
Results The factors affecting suicidal ideation were gender, family structure, economic status, academic performance, exposure to school violence during the past year, physical symptoms, drinking experience, smoking experience, sleeping time, and ramen noodle consumption. The regression analysis showed that exposure to school violence during the past year (odds ratio [OR]: 102.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 51.19~207.19, p=.001), number of physical symptoms (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12~1.41, p=.001), drinking experience (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.66~6.06, p=.001), and game and internet usage time (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.08~4.01, p=.029) affected suicidal ideation.
Conclusion This study revealed that physical symptoms and life-style significantly influenced suicidal ideation. Therefore, interventions to reduce suicidal ideation in children must focus on improving children’s physical symptoms and life-style.
Purpose This study aimed to characterize the relationship between parental stress and nurses’ communication as perceived by parents of high-risk newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Methods The participants were 54 parents of high-risk newborns in a NICU. Data were collected from January to March 2018. Parental stress and parents’ perceptions of nurses’ communication ability and styles were measured using a questionnaire.
Results The average scores for parental stress and nurses’ communication ability were 3.39 and 4.38 respectively, on a 5-point scale. Parents most commonly reported that nurses showed a friendly communication style, followed by informative and authoritative styles. Mothers and fathers reported significantly different levels of parental stress. Parental stress showed a negative correlation with nurses’ perceived verbal communication ability. Higher scores for nurses’ verbal communication ability and for friendly and informative communication styles were associated with lower parental stress induced by the environment, the baby’s appearance and behaviors, and treatments in the NICU.
Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that nurses need to offer proper information for parents and to support parents by encouraging them to express their emotions of stress and by providing parents with therapeutic communication and opportunities to participate in care.
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Purpose This study examined the mediating and moderating effects of multicultural efficacy in the relationship between cultural empathy and cultural competence in child care teachers.
Methods A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used. The participants were 277 child care teachers at private and public daycare centers in G and S districts of Seoul. The survey instruments included a cultural empathy questionnaire, a multicultural efficacy scale, and a cultural competence scale. Data were analyzed using the SPSS and AMOS programs. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation, and mediating and moderating effect analyses were performed. Bootstrapping was implemented to verify the mediating effect of the model developed herein.
Results Positive correlations among cultural empathy, multicultural efficacy, and cultural competence were noted. Multicultural efficacy showed a significant mediating effect on the relationships between cultural empathy and cultural competence. However, there was no moderating effect.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the moderate drinking program based on social cognitive theory on changes in the drinking habits of college students with drinking problems.
Methods This study included a total of 68 college students with drinking problems. These participants participated in 10 sessions of a moderate drinking program in which social cognitive theory was applied. Changes in the cognition and behaviors of the participants were then investigated.
Results The moderate drinking program based on social cognitive theory for college students with drinking problems was effective in increasing the subjects' drinking-related knowledge (U=191.50, p<.001), enhancing their drinking refusal self-efficacy(t=8.02, p<.001), and changing their drinking-related attitudes (U=108.50, p<.001), drinking outcome expectancy (t=8.68, p<.001), amount of drinking in a single session (x2=25.72, p<.001), number of drinking sessions per month (x2=10.05, p=.006), and problem drinking behaviors (t=5.77, p<.001).
Conclusion These results can be used to inform a regular on-campus intervention programs for moderate drinking, and to implement education about moderate drinking, thereby increasing the success rate of drinking reduction.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between self-management and diabetes knowledge, diabetesrelated attitudes, family support, and self-efficacy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus based on the information-motivation- behavior skills model.
Methods Data collection was conducted between March 18 and September 30, 2018. Patients (N=87) aged 12 to 19 years were recruited from the outpatient clinic of S children’s hospital and an online community for patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearsons correlation, and hierarchical multiple linear regression with SPSS IBM 23.0, with the two-tailed level of significance set at 0.05.
Results The mean score of self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus was 61.23±10.00 out of 80. The regression analysis showed that self-efficacy and family support significantly explained 56.9% of the variance in self-management (F=21.38, p<.001). Self-efficacy (β=.504, p<.001) and family support (β=.188, p<.001) were significant predictors of self-management.
Conclusion It is necessary to develop individual interventions to improve self-efficacy and family support for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus to help them enhance their self-management.
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