PURPOSE
To examine the effects on skin injury, pain, and anxiety when nurses and children simultaneous wash their hands before IV injections.
METHOD
A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized design study was used with 61 children. For a month and a half, children in the experimental group(30) following hand-washing guidelines, washed their hands with nurses before IV insertion. Anxiety and pain were observed and recorded during IV insertion using the Anxiety Reaction Scale and FACES pain scale. After 48-72 hours on IV therapy with an arm-board, skin condition was checked by a research assistant according to guidelines for assessing skin injury developed by the researcher. t-test, chi-square-test, Pearson correlation, and Kendall's tau b were used to analyze data with the SPSS program.
RESULTS
Children who washed their hands with the nurse before IV insertion showed less pain (p =.021) and skin injury (p <.001) compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION
This finding suggests that simultaneous hand washing by nurse and child before IV injection has a strong effect on skin injury caused by arm-boards used to maintain IV therapy as well as on pain during IV insertion. This program demonstrates an effective intervention to prevent skin injuries in children on IV therapy.

PURPOSE
This study, using a pre-posttest design of non-equivalence comparative groups, was done to determine effects of KC (kangaroo care) on weight and SH (stress hormone) of premature infants.
METHOD
Participants were 31 premature infants assigned to KC(14) or CG(control group)(17). Data were collected from June 2006 to February 2007. KC was given for 60 minutes at a time, Mon, Wed, and Fri for a 10 times. Body weight was measured at a fixed time daily and serum cortisol was examined as part of routine blood testing, frequent for premature infants.
RESULTS
The weight for infants in the KC group was higher than the control. The difference was significant between both the two groups, and the 2 measurement times(F=12.7, p=.001). SH(cortisol) in infantsof KC group decreased than CG, but there was no valid difference from the statistical viewpoint.
CONCLUSION
The result of the study suggest that KC contributes to weight increase in premature infants and also that KC is effective for SH reduction in spite of the lack of statistical validity. Therefore, our conclusion is that KC can be used as an independent nursing intervention for development and advance of premature infants.

PURPOSE
S: The purposes of this study are to describe the health problems experienced by VLBW premature infants and their health care services utilization during the first year of life METHOD: Eighteen mothers of VLBW premature infants completed a survey questionnaire, asking socioeconomic/demographic information, health/ developmental problems experienced by their infants, and their use of health care services.
RESULTS
Of the 18 infants, 78% experienced respiratory problems such as cold/running nose and wheezing during the first year and 33% experienced gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. Twelve (67%) infants visited the emergency department at least one time and 10 infants (56%) were hospitalized at least once during their first year of age. Interestingly, infants without chronic lung disease visited the emergency department more than infants without chronic lung disease (p=.213). Infants living in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods were hospitalized more than infants living in disadvantaged neighborhoods (p=.000).
CONCLUSIONS
Health care providers should initiate educating mothers, particularly those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, about post-NICU discharge health care needs of their VLBW premature infants while their infants were still in the NICU so that unnecessary visits to the emergency department and rehospitalizations can be possibly prevented.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of health and safety programs by examining child-care teacher's knowledge, self-confidence and practice concerning the health and safety of children under their care.
METHOD
The participants were 72 teachers from 15 child care centers in Seoul City and Chung-Nam Province. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS 12.0 Win program.
RESULTS
The mean score for self-confidence was lower than knowledge and practice. Self-confidence score about emergency care for falls, fractures and resuscitation were lowest. For safety knowledge, scores about facility and environment were lowest. For health knowledge, scores about disease and symptoms were lowest. For practice, scores about seat belts and safe furniture arrangement were lowest. Significant correlations were found between practice and self-confidence. There were significant differences in the degree of knowledge according to education, and in practice according to age.
CONCLUSIONS
Health and safety education programs for child care teachers are necessary for the promotion of knowledge, self-confidence and practice in health and safety. The results suggest that health and safety education program should be provided systematically and continuously for child care teachers.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop first aid education programs for elementary, middle and high school students.
METHOD
Forty nine textbooks adopted by first to six grade elementary schools and first to third grade of both middle and high schools were analyzed for content on first aid.
RESULTS
1) First aid content was covered only in courses onand 2) Content on first aid was included in the categories, 'General of first aid', 'Rescue & moving', 'Fire & Burns', 'Cardiopulmonary resuscitation', 'Musculoskeletal injuries', 'Thermal injuries', 'Wounds', 'Removing foreign bodies', 'Disaster & Accidents' and 'Others'. Categories that were not included were 'Poisoning' and 'Bites'. The content did not follow a progression related to the level of intellectual and physical development of the students.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the content on first aid should be revised to be practical and rational for the benefits of student safety.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to investigate extent of backpack use and incidence of musculoskeletal pain, and to identify the relationship between backpack use and musculoskeletal pain.
METHOD
A descriptive correlational study was conducted in one elementary school and one middle school in D city. Participants were 273 children, aged 12-14, who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Body weight, height, and backpack weight of participants were measured.
RESULTS
Mean backpack weight was 3.78 Kg and relative backpack weight (RBW) was 7.42%. Of backpack users, 23.8% carried more than 10% of their RBW and 9.2% carried more than 15%. Only 44.3% organized the contents in their backpack correctly. For more than three fourth of the students (76.2%), the bottom of backpack in the standing position drooped more than 10 cm below the waistline, and 46.3% complained of musculoskeletal pain. Use of a waist belt was significantly related to musculoskeletal pain.
CONCLUSIONS
A considerable proportion of school children were not following guidelines for safe backpack use. Although the relationship between backpack use and musculoskeletal pain in this study was not significant, the fact that 46.3% of the students experienced musculoskeletal pain is very meaningful information. Further research is required to identify the risk factors of musculoskeletal pain among children.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe the pregnancy and childbirth experience of unmarried teenage mothers and to provide basic information of programmes to prevent unplanned pregnancies in unmarried teenage mothers.
METHODS
The participants of study were 7 unmarried teenage mothers who lived in shelters in D city, and whose ages ranged from 15 to 19 years. Data gathering through in-depth interviews, 3 to 5 times, was done from August 2002 to September 2003. Data were analyzed with Colaizzi's(1978) phenomenological methodology.
RESULTS
The implications of pregnancy and childbirth experience for unmarried teenage mothers were "Seem to live in hell", "Desire for a miscarriage", "Lethargy", "Feel maternity", "Feel unjustified", and "Change of sexual perception".
CONCLUSION
These findings contribute to understanding the pregnancy and childbirth experience of unmarried teenage mothers and can be used as sexual education information to help unmarried teenage mothers to prevent further unplanned pregnancies.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate parenting attitudes and to identify factors influencing this parenting attitude in mothers of children with hemophilia.
METHOD
The participants in this study were 119 mothers of children with hemophilia (under 18 years of age) who were registered members of the Korea Hemophilia Foundation. Data were collected using the Mother-Infant Attachment Scale, Maternal Guilt Scale and Parenting Attitude Scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS program.
RESULTS
The parenting attitude was 3.02 (total possible score=4). By subcategories, achievement attitude was the highest (3.45). Of the factors influencing parenting attitudes, mother-child attachment, maternal guilt and self-esteem account for 45.6% of the variance.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study show that attitudes of parents of children with hemophilia were positive. As mother-child attachment and maternal guilt were identified as major factors in predicting parenting attitudes, there is a need to consider interventions that will increase mother-child attachment and decrease maternal guilt.