PURPOSE
This study was done to describe utilization status of emergency medical service for children at one university affiliated hospital located in Seoul. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients under 13 years of age who visited the ER from January 1 to December 31, 2006.
METHOD
Medical records missing the time of discharge were excluded in the analysis of waiting time, which resulted in 19,766 cases. Data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 14.0 version.
RESULT
There were slightly more boys (58.4%), average age of the children was 3.97 years of age. More children at the aged 1 to 3 years (51.3%) visited the ER. Fever was the most frequent complaint: 5,180 cases (24.38%). The other complaints were head or facial laceration (10.55%), vomiting (9.63%), abdominal pain (8.06%), cough (7.67%), and painful limb swelling (6.34%). Average waiting time before the first medical examination was 17 minutes, and average ER stay time was 3 hours and 23 minutes.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest the need to assign a nurse specialist for pediatric ER to provide more efficient care for the children. Also, extra staff assignment during the evening shift or extending office hours of local pediatricians should be considered.

PURPOSE
The aims of this study were to evaluate effects of massage therapy and the attachment promotion program with autistic children.
METHOD
A quasi-experimental design was conducted with a convenience sample of 44 autistic children. The experimental group (n= 23) attended the massage therapy and the attachment promotion program for 4 months. The control group (n=21) only had the attachment promotion program. Measurements were made twice for both groups using the social maturity scale and child autism rating scale. Recording of mother-child attachment was done for 15 minutes in only the experimental group twice using video equipment.
RESULTS
After 4 months of interventions, there was significant difference on social maturity (F=9.01, p=.005) between the groups. However, there was no significant difference on CARS ((F=2.47, p=.124). The total scores of mother-child attachment between pre- and post-interventions showed a significant difference (Z=-3.42, p=.001).
CONCLUSION
The results showed that massage therapy and the attachment promotion program might be an effective way for providing a chance to increase social maturation and to increase attachment between mother and autistic child.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to build and test a theoretical model that could be used to explain and predict health promoting behavior in school children in Korea.
METHOD
Participants for this study included a total of 423 students, all of whom were enrolled in either the 5th or 6th grade of one of 3 elementary schools in Seoul and Gyunggi Province, Korea. A questionnaire was used to collect the data and the collection period was from September 22 to 30, 2006. The data were analyzed using the SAS Program and Lisrel Windows Program. The instruments for this study were developed to include a health promotion behavior scale, self-esteem scale, self-efficacy scale, perceived benefit and barriers scale, social support scale, health status scale, academic stress scale, and previous health-related behavior scale.
RESULTS
The hypothetical model for this study consisted of 3 intrinsic and 6 extrinsic variables, and 27 pathways. As a result of hypotheses testing, as many as 11 pathways were found to be statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
The development of health promotion programs based on the factors found in this study will be very effective in promoting the health of Korea's school children.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of parent-adolescent communication and depression on suicide ideation in the adolescent population.
METHOD
The participants for this study were 391 students from two middle schools, one located in Seoul and one in Kyung-gi do Province. A self-report survey was used for data collection, which was carried out from February 8 to 14, 2006. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0 Program.
RESULTS
The average score for father-adolescent communication was 61.70, and for mother-adolescent communication, 64.04. The average score for depression was 16.01, and for suicide ideation, 8.69. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between suicide ideation and depression. There was a statistically significant reverse correlation between suicide ideation and mother-adolescent communication, and between suicide ideation and father-adolescent communication. Mother-adolescent communication and depression account for 46.4% of variance in suicide ideation of adolescents.
CONCLUSION
According to the results, programs designed to improve parent-adolescent communication and decrease depression should be developed and put into practice to decrease the rate of suicide ideation in adolescents in Korea.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compared the growth and development of premature and full-term infants during the 2 years after birth.
METHOD
The participants were 102 infants, 51 each for premature infants, and for healthy full-term infants. Participants in the premature group accounted for 17.5% of all premature infants who were registered at the public health center in G city. Developmental status was evaluated using the Korean Denver II.
RESULTS
The catch-up growth of the premature was 100% in weight and in height. Suspicious developmental delay according to the Korean Denver II was 3.9% in normal infants and 31.2% in premature infants. Factors related to the suspicious developmental delay in premature infants were their age and health state at birth. The rate of suspicious developmental delay was higher in infants over 6 months and infants unhealthy at birth.
CONCLUSION
A premature follow-up program, which includes nutrition education to achieve catch-up growth and to prevention obesity, along with continuous developmental screening test for infants and children born prematurely is recommended. Provision for home visits and telephone counseling for premature infants and their families who do not to use the public health center should also be included.

BACKGROUND
Atopic dermatitis starts as an early childhood type1 hypersensitivity to environmental allergens and is often the first step in the atopic march to develop into asthma and allergic rhinitis. Despite progress that has been achieved in management, this health problem remains poorly controlled and cause great pain and suffering for many children and their parents. PURPOSE: To introduce nurses to recent progress in pathophysiology, management and preventive measure of atopic disease. Search METHOD: Systemic search was done using the PubMed and CINAHL from 1980 to 2005. In addition, historical references were taken from standard medical textbook.
RESULTS
In total, 30 relevant publications were located including primary research and review articles that cover the pathophysiology, management, and preventive measure of atopy. The evidence emerging from literature indicate that non-medical approaches such as breastfeeding and probiotics would improve management outcomes.
CONCLUSION
The review suggests that breastfeeding and probiotic approaches would be the most effective preventive measures for children with atopic diseases.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between high school students' self-differentiation, family function and their level of stress.
METHOD
A questionnaire which consisted of questions on general characteristics of the high school students, and 36 questions on self-differentiation, 17 questions on family function, and 37 questions on level of stress was used to collect the data. Participants were 201 second grade high school students from Bucheon City. Descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression were used with SPSS 10.0 to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The mean scores for self-differentiation, family function, and levels of stress were 3.27, 3.39, and 2.61 respectively. The relationship between self-differentiation and level of stress revealed a significant negative correlation. The relationship between self-differentiation and family function showed a significant positive correlation. The relationship between family function and stress level showed a significant negative correlation.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study show that variation in level of stress was related to family regression, recognition/emotional function, family projection, role recognition and emotional support and emotional cutoff which together explained 40.9% of the variance in level of stress.

Despite the 12-year KNA breastfeeding campaign, the declining trend in the national breastfeeding rate has not been significantly reversed. PURPOSE: This investigation focused on mothers' decision to breastfeed and the physical growth profiles of breastfed infants.
METHODS
Participants were 146 mothers and their 5-7 months old infants participating the "Year 2005 Healthy Breastfed Baby Contest." Data were collected through interviews with mothers on their breastfeeding practice and assessment of infant growth profiles by the investigators.
RESULTS
Concerning breastfeeding practice, 76% of mothers decided to breastfeed even before their pregnancy and 92% intended to breastfeed a year or as long as baby wants and 52% planned to breastfeed solely by self-motivation from reading. The growth profiles of breastfed infants showed that for WAZ (weight-for-age Z-scores), LAZ (length-for-age Z-scores) and HCAZ (head circumference-for-age Z-scores) the breastfed infants were above the WHO percentiles for their age.
CONCLUSION
Considering that the mothers planned to breastfeed even before pregnancy and that the physical growth of the breastfed infants was above WHO standards, the authors recommend that in future campaigns the focus should be on families who plan to have a baby.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of fathers of preschool children to child rearing and to provide basic data to develop parent education programs.
METHOD
The participants were 84 fathers of preschool children and the measurement tool was the Korean Parent As A Teacher Inventory self-report questionnaire and data were collected from 1 kindergarten and 1 child care center located in Gyeonggi Province.
RESULTS
1) Child-rearing attitudes of the fathers was above average at 2.80(+/-0.19). 2) There were significant difference statistically according to father's occupation (F=3.14, p=0.03) and child characteristics (F=4.87, p=0.01). 3) There were significant correlation between child rearing attitudes of the fathers and their age (tau=-0.16, p=0.04), and child characteristics (tau=0.21, p=0.02).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that attitudes of fathers to child rearing are important and it is necessary to develop a systemic parenting education program.

PURPOSE
This study was done to investigate behavior related to viewing pornography sites by primary, middle, and high school students in one province.
METHODS
The participants were 2,939 primary (5, 6 grade), middle and high school students (1, 2 and 3 grade), chosen at random in big cities, small towns and rural areas of NorthChollaProvince.
RESULTS
The first experience of finding pornography sites by oneself was 21.1% for the total sample and for primary school students 6.8%, for middle school students, 31.0%, and for high school students, 62.2%. The first time on a pornography site was highest for middle school students (62.0%) and for grade, middle school 1 grade (25.7%). The pornography use resulted in difficulties with study (11.3%), desire to imitate what was seen in pornography (10.9%), imitation of what was seen the pornography (3.9%), and desire to visit pornography sites everyday (2.3%). Pornography contact behavior was related to gender and school type (p<.05). Independent access to pornography and experiencing difficulties with study were related to area of residence (p<.05).
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that systematic education policy and further research on needs for pornography contact should be examined to develop programs to decrease pornography contact behavior.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the relationship between smoking, drinking and safety behavior in middle and high school students in one Korean province, North Cholla.
METHOD
The study sample included 1,327 randomly selected middle and high school students from S-Gun area in Chonbuk Province. The data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (2005). The data were analyzed using the SPSSWIN 15.0 program.
RESULTS
The smoking rate in the middle and high school students was 6.9%, and the drinking rate was 24.9%. The rate for seatbelt use was 49.3%, for drunk driving, 8.8%, and for riding in car driven by a drunk driver, 24.0%. The rates for seatbelt use, for drunk driving, and for riding in a drunk driver were higher in smokers and drinkers than in non-smokers and non-drinkers(p<.05).
CONCLUSION
The smoking and drinking status of the adolescents was correlated with their safety behavior practices as they relate to seatbelt use, drunk driving, and for riding in car driven by a drunk driver. Therefore, an elementary school level program to curb student smoking and alcohol consumption is needed to prevent smoking and alcohol consumption in middle and high school students and contribute to improvement in their safety behavior practices.