PURPOSE
In this study, the internet game addiction level was assessed, and parent-child attachment level associated with the addiction was analyzed.
METHOD
From December 5 to 23, 2005, self-reported questionnaire data were collected from 990 Busan City elementary school students of the 5th and 6th grades. The questionnaire consisted of questions about their characteristic features in playing internet games based on the K-scale developed by KADO. The data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 10.0 program. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation, chi2-test, ANOVA analysis and Scheffe test were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
1. With regard to the level of internet game addiction, 71.2% of the students responded that they were general users, and 6.3%, at high risk for addiction. Mean scores were 103.3 for the high-risk group, 77.7 for the potential risk group, and 55.86 for the general user group. The total mean was 63.74. 2. Mean scores for parent-child attachment levels were 97.1 and 99.6 for father and mother, respectively.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that a collaborative program to educate and counsel parents to increase the parent-child attachment level needs to be established in protection and recovery programs for internet game addiction.

PURPOSE
This comparative descriptive study was conducted to determine differences in maternal health related characteristics, child rearing burden, and social support depending on economic status.
METHOD
Using home visits, data were collected from 100 poverty stricken mothers, 51 in the extremely poor group and 49 in the low income group, and 200 mothers of a general group being seen in one public health center. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify maternal health variables including child rearing burden and social support.
RESULTS
Parent's education level, marital status, and primary caregiver were significantly different according to socioeconomic status. Poverty stricken groups showed poor rates for prenatal checkups, lower Fe supplementation, and more artificial abortions and history of cesarean section. Continuing breast feeding as planned was significantly lower for mothers with low economic status. Present health problems of the mother, child-rearing burden, and social support were not significantly different among the three groups.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that special attention and interventions for the poverty stricken groups is important to improve maternal and child health status.

PURPOSE
This study was performed to test an obesity management program for elementary school children. The program was assessed by examining its effects on the obesity, dietary attitudes, dietary habits, and exercise habits.
METHODS
The participants were 65 elementary school children, of which 32 were assigned for the experimental group and 33 for the control group. The experimental group received an 8 weeks obesity management program. The outcome variables were measured before and after the program. chi2-test and t-test were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
After the obesity management program, the BMI and fat mass percentage in the experimental group were significantly reduced. The score for dietary attitudes and dietary habits changed in a positive direction.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings from this study suggest that the obesity management program was effective in decreasing the rate of obesity and increasing the score for dietary attitudes and dietary habits. The program should be effective in the management of obesity in elementary school children.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develop a health promotion behavior program for elementary school students by investigating their level of health promotion behavior practice.
METHOD
data were collected from 1276 1-6th grade elementary school students (11 elementary schools) using a self-report questionnaire.
RESULTS
1) The mean score for health promotion behavior practice was above the mid point at 3.10(+/-.43) 2) There were significant differences in health promotion behavior practices according to student's grade(t=4.447, p=.000), gender(t=-3.044, p=.002), age(t=4.402, p=.000), father's education level(t=4.365, p=.000), mother's education level(t=-4.672, p=.000), and perceived health status (F=19.124, p=.000). 3) There were significant correlations between health promotion behavior practice and the sub-areas of health promotion behavior practice.
CONCLUSION
Systematic health education is necessary for elementary school students and their parents.

The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe antenatal depression and level of mother-fetal interaction, and to assess mother's behavior and feeling during mother-fetal interaction, in order to develop a base for nursing intervention programs for mothers who have antenatal depression.
METHOD
Data were collected from 174 pregnant women who visited one public health center and OBGY clinic in Gangneung city. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify depression (BDI), and mother-fetal interaction.
RESULTS
Of the mothers 63.2% were in the normal range for antenatal depression, 21.3% in the mild group and 15.5% were in the moderate to severe group. For antenatal depression, there were significant differences among the income, planned pregnant, health status, marriage satisfaction, family support, husband's love. The mean for mother-fetal interaction was 29.88+/-4.91. For mother-infant interaction, there were significant differences in education, income, pregnant number, delivery number, feeding plan, marriage satisfaction, family support, husband's love. There was a weak correlations between antenatal depression and mother-fetal interaction but it did not reach statistical significance.
CONCLUSION
Antenatal depression and mother-fetal interaction influence fetal development. It is essential to assess and provide immediate care to mothers who have antenatal depression and lower level mother-fetal Interaction.

PURPOSE
The findings of various research studies on human intelligence and Multiple Intelligence Theory are presented in this study and implications of a Multiple Intelligence Theory-based approach to nursing education for ill children are suggested.
METHOD
Research objectives were accomplished by conducting a literature review. The main areas of the literature review included Multiple Intelligence Theory, and its application case for the children with learning disorders.
RESULTS
Dissatisfaction with traditional IQ tests has led to the development of a number of alternative theories, all of which suggest that intelligence is the result of a number of independent abilities that uniquely contribute to human performance. In Multiple Intelligences Theory, intelligence is broken down into at least eight different components: logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, intra-personal and interpersonal intelligences. In addition, the premise of Multiple Intelligence Theory and its application case is that every topic can be effectively taught and achieved using the six entry points framework.
CONCLUSIONS
The educational implications of Multiple Intelligence Theory in view of the health education and education in a children's hospital school should be considered as a basis for providing better education to ill children in a hospital setting.

PURPOSE
An exploratory study was done to examine the validity of the new Ballard scale with extended scoring system(eNBS) in estimating gestational age(AG) in full-term newborns.
METHOD
The eNBS scoring system was extended to include all numbers of total score of NBS and GA to allow a 3-days variation in GA estimation compared to the original scale which has a 2-week variation due to the application of a 5-score interval for the total NBS score and only even numbers for GA. GA by eNBS(GA-eNBS) was compared with GA by LMP(GA-LMP) and GA by standard NBS(GA-sNBS) in 133 full-term newborns. Difference between GA-LMP and GA-eNBS was analyzed for each GA.
RESULTS
Positive correlations were observed in GA-sNBS and GA-eNBS with GA-LMP. There was no difference between GA-LMP and GA-eNBS at 39GA and 40GA. At 37GA and 38GA, GA-eNBS overestimated GA-LMP up to 1 week, while underestimating up to 1 week at 41GA.
CONCLUSIONS
The accuracy of eNBS was validated within 3 days of variation in GA estimation at 39-40GA. Overestimation by eNBS suggests the possible acceleration of fetal maturity in premature newborns, while underestimation, of the deceleration of fetal maturity in postterm newborns.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to develope a tool to assess mothers' behavior related to health promotion if their preschool children had disabillties.
METHOD
The research design was a methodological study. This tool was developed in 4 stages: first, a content matrix as a conceptual framework was developed using Gordon's 11 functional health promotion patterns and 5 categories (Lee, Jung & An, 1996); second, 40 preliminary items were selected through references and interviews with 9 mothers of children with disabilities; third, 2 items were discarded after content validity was done by 3 experts; fourth, reliability and validity were tested with a sample of 243 mothers of children with disabilities who were of preschool age.
RESULTS
The final tool consisted of 19 items and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .82. Five factors were extracted by factor analysis and they explained 55.58% of the total variance.
CONCLUSIONS
This tool was identified to have a high degree of reliability and validity. So it can be utilized to assess mothers' behavior in providing health promotion for their children who have disabilities.

PURPOSE
To explore the experiences of parenting from the mothers of children with severe CHD and to develop a paradigm model of their experiences.
METHOD
Grounded theory method guided the data collection and analysis. A sample of 16 mothers of children with severe CHD participated in the study during 2003. The data were collected by semi-structured individual interviews.
RESULTS
"Raise with dignity" emerged as the core phenomenon. 'Powerlessness' appeared as central concept. The causal condition on powerlessness was 'living with a bomb in the heart': uncertainty and the context were 'confronting people's eyes', 'developing child's adaptability'. An intervening condition was 'forming a support system' and consequences for coping with powerlessness were 'overcome' or 'ambivalence' using mother's positive personality as strategies, care role perception, accepting, acknowledgement, and managing body and mind.
CONCLUSIONS
From the results of this study, it can be seen that mothers of children with severe CHD continue to struggle with life during their children's growth and repeated attacks. They need to be provided with skills to cope with physical and mental problems of raising children. They also need nursing care to give them needed strength and provide them expert information for the entire period of the child's growth.

PURPOSE
To identify the effects of a training program on the knowledge of, attitudes towards child infection, and infection prevention behaviors in staff of daycare centers.
METHODS
A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design study was conducted with 34 staff of 6 daycare centers over 3 months. The staff in the 3 centers designated as the experimental centers received the training program weekly for 8 weeks. The program included on-site education for one and half hours and monitoring of infection prevention behaviors. Knowledge and attitudes of the staff were measured, and their infection prevention behaviors were observed and recorded by research assistants before and after the program. chi2-test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U-test with SPSS Win program were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The group of staff who received the training program recorded higher scores in knowledge, attitudes, and their infection prevention behaviors compared with staff in the control group.
CONCLUSION
This finding suggests that the training program had a significant impact on knowledge, attitude, and infection prevention behaviors of staff which could prevent child infection in daycare centers. Nurses need to be involved in daycare centers for the health of the children, and they could intervene effectively in child infections by using this program.

PURPOSE
The study was done to investigate factors in mothers related to their intention to get additional vaccination for their children aged 4~6 years.
METHODS
A descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were 858 mothers conveniently selected from a public health center in Seoul. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used for data analysis.
RESULTS
The mothers got a high of 2.08 marks on intention to get additional vaccination. The intention was positively correlated to attitude, perceived benefits, self-efficacy and negatively to perceived barriers, parenting stress. The most significant variables was attitude, perceived benefits, self-efficacy and those three variables explained 42.7% of mother's intention for additional vaccination.
CONCLUSION
The above mentioned findings were identified as significant factors affecting mother's intention for additional vaccination. The findings are expected to make a positive contribution to creating an ideal intervention and to promoting an increased vaccination rate.

PURPOSE
This study was done to investigate the route of sexual knowledge acquisition and sexual problem behavior of primary school students in one province, North Cholla.
METHOD
The participants in this research were 990 primary school 5 and 6 grade students chosen at random in big cities, small towns and rural areas of North Cholla Province.
RESULTS
The routes for sexual knowledge acquisition were through classes and the teacher at school (40.6%), members of peer groups or seniors (26.1%), internet (15.3%), parents (10.0%), and multimedia (8.0%). The percentages for domains of sexual problem behavior were sexual impulse, 3.8%, sexual violence, 3.7%, masturbation, 2.7%, voyeurism, 1.8%, prostitution, 0.8%, transvestism, 0.5%, and exhibitionism, 0.1%. Sexual problem behavior experienced by 5.0% or more of the students was reported as the experience of another person compulsory touching their bodies, the desire to embrace and the desire to kiss a friend of the opposite sex. The biggest sexual problem behavior for the students was sexual violence and sexual impulses toward friends of the opposite sex. The experience rate for sixth graders was higher than for fifth graders (p<.05) and the experience rate of another person compulsory touching their bodies was higher for boys than for girls (p<.05).
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that systematic programs and curriculum should be developed for sexual problem behavior prevention.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper was to develop a CD program of applied logotherapy to improve the quality of life of adolescents with terminal cancer.
METHOD
Keller's ARCS theory and a model for developing internet learning materials (Kang) used to develop this program was comprised of four distinct phases: planning, designing, development, and execution stages.
RESULTS
This program was entitled 'Finding treasures in my life' and consisted of 5 sessions and its educational content was as follows: Treasure One, 'learning the three natures of the human mind', Treasure Two, 'learning creative value as the first method to find meaning in life', Treasure Three, 'learning experiential value as the second method to find meaning in life', Treasure Four, 'learning attitudinal value as the third method to find meaning in life', and Treasure Five, 'Becoming the master of my own life'. The sub-menu was made up of 'Beginning', 'What is it?', 'Travelling'. 'Laughing Song', 'End'.
CONCLUSIONS
This CD program applied logotherapy with flash animation techniques as an emotional and spiritual nursing intervention program for easier and more scientific application in pediatric oncology and hospice care.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of distraction with a cell phone on pain and fear during venipuncture procedures in hospitalized preschool children.
METHOD
Fifty four preschool children, ages 3-6, were recruited from one university affiliated hospital in Daegu. Participants were assigned to the control group (n= 27) to receive usual care or the intervention group (n=27) to receive distraction plus usual care. The FACE scale was used to assess children's pain, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess each mothers' perceptions of her child's pain. For assessment of fear, the Procedure Behavioral Checklist developed by Lebaron and Zeltzer was used.
RESULTS
Results show that children in the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower pain scores on FACE (t=2.19, p<.03) as rated by the children and on VAS (t=2.78, p<.01) as rated by their mothers. Children in the intervention group also had significantly lower fear scores (t=2.30, p<.02) as rated by the researcher.
CONCLUSION
Distraction with cell phone for relieving pain and fear during venipuncture procedure was effective for these hospitalized preschool children.