PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe the relationships between resilience, coping and adjustment to illness and to identify the effect of resilience on adjustment in children with chronic illness.
METHOD
The participants in this study were 71 children who were seen at one of 3 hospitals, either in outpatient clinics or as admitted patients. Instruments used in this study were self-reported questionnaires. The data were collected from March to October, 2005 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test or ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression.
RESULT
Adjustment to illness was significantly different according to sex and birth rank. There was a significant correlation between resilience, coping and adjustment to illness. Resilience was a predictor of adjustment to illness and accounted for 28% of the variance.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that programs and strategies that enhance resilience by promoting social competence and support-seeking skills and by fostering self-esteem and coping should be developed for children with chronic illness.

PURPOSE
This study was to explore the mothers' perception of their children's health and learning needs while children with leukemia were attending a children's school in the hospital and to describe the basic material for development of intervention programs.
METHODS
Participants in this study were 7 mothers of children with leukemia. Data collection consisted of in-depth focus group interviews done between April 21 and 30, 2005.
RESULTS
3 categories emerged from 9 theme clusters. The categories were 'tutorial service', 'emotional service' and 'disease control'.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study show that pediatric nurses need to pay attention to the learning needs of mothers and children in the children's hospital school and develop programs to support the children with leukemia and chronic disease, not only while they are in hospital but also in preparation to return to their own school.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe perception of the importance of parental role as held by mothers of young infants, and to analyze differences in perceptions according to characteristics the mothers and infants.
METHOD
Data were collected from 240 mothers of healthy infants under one year of age, being seen in one public health center in Gangreung City. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire to identify parental role.
RESULTS
The mean score for perception of the importance of parental role was 139.89, and for the domains, the means were 4.43 for caring performance ability, 4.38 for environmental organization for development, 4.26 for acceptance, 4.21 for responsibility, 4.19 for knowledge related to caring, 4.16, for sensitivity, and 4.01 for provision of stimulation and involvement. There were significant differences in the perception of parental role according to spousal relationship, father's participation in child rearing, having received parental role education, and infant's temperament.
CONCLUSION
The experience of childhood is highly affected by the quality of the parental role. It is important to identify parents' perception of the parental role and to provide appropriate education programs on parental role.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore family function,social support, perceived quality of life (QOL) in adolescents and to identify correlations between family function, social support, and the perceived QOL.
METHOD
The questionnaire to obtain the data consisted of questions on general characteristics of the adolescents, 20 questions on family function, 11 questions on social support, and 8 questions on perceived QOL in adolescents. The participants were 128 adolescents who were living in S area. The data were analyzed using percentages, means, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson' correlation coefficients. The WINSPSS program was used to assist in data analysis.
RESULTS
The mean score for family function was 3.07 (out of 5) and there was a significant difference between middle and high school students. The mean score for social support was 2.86 (out of 5) and there were no significant differences. The mean score for perceived QOL was 4.02 (out of 7) and there was a significant difference according to physical health. There was a positive correlation between family function, social support, and perceived QOL in adolescents.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate a need to develop programs, policy assistance and implementation to strengthen factors contributing to a high perceived quality of life in these adolescents

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction of a maternal self-efficacy promotion program for Korean primiparas.
METHOD
This study was non-equivalent quasi-experimental research with a control group selected by purposive sampling. Based on Bandura's (1986) self-efficacy theory, the research team developed the maternal self-efficacy promotion program. The program included achievement experiences, verbal persuasion, and vicarious experiences. The program was provided through face-to-face teaching at the time of discharge, counseling sessions over the telephone, and a home visit. The mothers also learned about parenting skills using a videotape developed by the research team. Sixteen primiparas were recruited to the experimental group at one hospital in Kyongi province, and fifteen primiparas who were matched according to socioeconomic status were recruited to the control group at a postpartum care center in the same province.
RESULTS
Mothers in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction than those in the control group.
CONCLUSION
A maternal self-efficacy promotion program appears to be an effective nursing intervention for parenting of first-time mothers in Korea.

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to test whether stretching helps high school students recover from fatigue and improve concentration.
METHOD
The design was a nonequivalent control group with pre-test and post-test design. Data collection was done during November and December, 2004. Female students high school (second year) were randomly selected from two high schools in Ulsan: one school as the control group (n=66) and the other school as the experimental group (n=69), for a total of 135 students. The experimental group had 10 minutes of stretching before the start of their fifth period class, five times a week (once a day) for a 4 week period, the control group did not. The instrument used to measure fatigue was Subjective Symptoms of Fatigue Test and concentration, Concentration Test.
RESULTS
After stretching, the students' level of fatigue in the experiment group was immensely reduced (t=4.75, p<.001). After the stretching, the concentration level of the experimental group increased vastly compared to the control group (t=3.35, p< or =.05).
CONCLUSION
Stretching is useful to reduce fatigue and improve concentration in high school students. This study recommended that stretching, which is not limited by high physical techniques, or specific time or spaces, would help high school students' health, since they do not exercise regularly and are tired physically and mentally.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Yakson therapy conducted by the mother of preterm infants on maternal attachment and attachment behavior.
METHOD
A quasi experimental pre-post test design was used. The data were collected from January, to October, 2005. The participants were 30 mothers of preterm infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (15 in the Yakson therapy group and 15 in control group). Yakson therapy consisted of three phases: laying on hands, caressing by a hand, and laying on hands again. Each phase took 5 minutes. Yakson therapy was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes 5 times a day for 15 days. Data were analyzed using the SAS program with Chi square-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Fisher's exact test.
RESULTS
Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher scores in maternal attachment (F=5.54, p=.0258). The attachment behavior of the experimental group was also higher than that of the control group.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that Yakson therapy can be used to improve maternal attachment and attachment behavior.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the effects of distraction generated by character on the reduction of intravenous injection pain.
METHOD
This study was conducted using a quasi experimental non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Sixty preschool children who were admitted to the pediatric department in a C university hospital were selected and were assigned. by convenience assignment to the experimental or control group. The two groups were homogeneous for demographic characteristics.
RESULTS
In the experimental group, objective pain(t=3.666, p=.001), subjective pain (t=3.415, p=.001) and perceived pain by the mother(t=2.528, p=0.014) decreased after the intravenous injections as compared to the control group. There were no statistical significant differences in pulse rate or fear between the experimental and the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that using character stamp and stickers could be considered as an independent nursing intervention for reduction of intravenous injection pain in preschooler.

PURPOSE
The purposes of this study were to describe resilience in children with chronic illness and also to describe family resilience, and to identify correlations between the two.
METHOD
Data were collected from 108 children being treated by hospitals C and K in Seoul and from their families. The children were diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome, IgA nephritis, diabetes, or asthma of at least six months duration. Descriptive, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used.
RESULTS
The mean score for resilience in children was 101.31 and for family resilience, 60.14. The variables showing statistically significant differences in resilience of the children according to a general characteristics were gender of the child (t=6.209, p<.05), diagnosis (F=6.315, p<.01), age of the mother (t=2.237, p<.05), and school grades (F=12.838, P<.01). In terms of family resilience according to a general characteristic, the variable showing a statistically significant difference was birth order of the child (F=13.468, p<.01). There was a significant positive correlation between resilience in the children and family resilience (r=.356, p<.01).
CONCLUSIONS
From the results of this study we proposed the implementation of programs to increase resilience in children with chronic illnesses and in order to positively affect the resilience in children, the implementation of programs to increase family resilience.

PURPOSE
This study was done to develop a Web Based Instruction (WBI) program on safety for sixth grade elementary school students and to test its effectiveness.
METHOD
The web site is http://www.safeschool.co.kr. The effects were tested from Mar 24, to Apr 30, 2003. The participants were 150 students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and chi square-test, t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA.
RESULTS
For knowledge of safety precautions, the preliminary test had a mean score of 17.8, the immediate post-test, 20.9 and the 4 week post-test, 20.9. There were statistically significant differences among the three time points. For attitude to safety precautions, the preliminary test mean was 75.1, the immediate post-test, 80.8 and the 4 week post-test, 80.4. For motivation to learn safety precautions, the scores were significantly higher for the WBI group. Knowledge, attitude and motivation for accident prevention in the WBI group lasted longer than in the group with textbook-based instruction.
CONCLUSION
A WBI program should be used in each class to provide more effective safety instruction.

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to identify the relationship between resilience, coping mechanism, social support and family strengths and to explore predictors of resilience in high school adolescents.
METHOD
The participants in this study were 296 high school adolescents residing in two urban areas in Korea. The students completed self-report questionnaires measuring Resilience (Jew et al., 1997), Coping Mechanism (Carver et al., 1989), Social Support (Lee, 1997) and Family Strengths (Olson, 1982).
RESULTS
Socio-demographic characteristics of the students were found to influence resilience, coping mechanism, social support and family strengths. The results showed that resilience, problem-focused coping, social support and family strengths were correlated positively and self-esteem support, problem-focused coping, sibling's and mother's help, and instrumental support were the predictors of resilience in these students.
CONCLUSION
We found there were specific attributes of individual, social and family factors which predict resilience for adolescents in school. These results suggest further study to investigate the relationship between stress and resilience, identify other predictors of resilience for Korean students, and to examine whether protective factors for adolescents' problem behaviors have a similar influence on resilience.

PURPOSE
S: Venipuncture is one of the most painful and frequently performed invasive procedures for children done by nurses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of EMLA cream (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics: 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine) to decrease venipuncture related pain and anxiety in children.
METHODS
A randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Sixty children scheduled for venipuncture were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before the venipuncture. Venipuncture was carried out by one of the nurse investigators. Pain and anxiety were measured by the parent, nurse investigator, and nurse observer.
RESULTS
Pain in the EMLA group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in anxiety score between the EMLA and placebo groups. Local side effects of EMLA cream were negligible.
CONCLUSIONS
EMLA cream was found to be an effective local anesthetic for pediatric venipuncture pain. Further studies should continue to evaluate the facilitators and barriers of EMLA cream application in pediatric nursing practice.

PURPOSE
This pilot study was done to develop a Korean version of the CDI (The Child Development Inventory) and assess the validity and reliability of the K-CDI.
METHOD
The K-CDI is assessed by parent-report and is designed to screen children on developmental functioning from 12 months to 6.5 years of age /or older children who are judged to be functioning in the one to six-year range. The inventory assesses child development in the areas of social, self-help, motor, language, letter and number skills. and it also includes various symptoms and behavior problems that young children may have. Participants were 130 children who lived in Seoul or Gyounggi-Province and their mothers. Data were analyzed using the ratio of item responses, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Cronbach alpha.
RESULTS
The reliability and validity of 270 items with 8 sub-developmental realms were confirmed for Korean children. A total of 300 items were selected for restandardization. There was a significant correlation between the score on the Social Maturity Scale and K-CDI. The correlation coefficient alpha was .98.
CONCLUSION
This study indicated that CDI is applicable in clinical and early childhood educational setting for developmental assessment in Korea.

PURPOSE
This study was done to provide basic data for the development of a systematic discharge educational programs for pediatric cancer patients.
METHOD
The participants in this study were 132 mothers whose children were diagnosed with cancer and being treated at 3 university hospitals in Pusan. Data were collected from December 1, 20004 to February 28, 2005, and were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0.
RESULTS
The degree of education demand at the time of discharge from hospital was statistically significantly lower than the educational demand after the discharge. Such demand significantly varied in accordance with the length of time from discharge. Mother's educational demands were significantly different according to general characteristics of the child with cancer, especially during the first period of hospitalization and when there were changes in weight.
CONCLUSION
As mothers of children with cancer had higher educational demands after the child's discharge from hospital than at the time when education was provided at discharge and. the demands differented according to the length time since the child's discharge from hospital, there is a need to develop educational programs specific to these needs of the mothers.