PURPOSE
This study was done to investigate the effects of a massage program on the growth of premature infants and on the mothers' confidence and satisfaction in the mothering role.
METHODS
The participants were 29 mothers of premature infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit at CNU Hospital (14 in the massage program group and 15 in control group). Massage was done for 10-15 minutes, 2-3 times a day for 4 weeks. The data were using the SAS PC+ program.
RESULT
Significant differences were found in the ratios of weight gain (Z=2.24, p=.013), grow in length (Z=2.50, p=.006) and increase in head circumference (Z=1.91, p=.028) between the massage program group and the control group. Confidence in the mothering role was significantly higher for mothers in the massage program group compared to those in the control group (Z=2.69, p=.004), but there was no significant difference in satisfaction with the mothering role between the two groups (Z=.88, p=.191).
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the massage program enhances growth of premature infants as well as enhancing the mother's confidence in her role as mother. Therefore, the massage program for premature infants can be use as an effective nursing intervention.

PURPOSE
To investigate the effects of a warm water-filled bag on body temperature, Oxygen demand, respiratory rate and blood sugar in high risk neonates.
METHOD
The infants were assigned to two groups, 16 in the experimental and 20 in the control group. Infants in the experimental group was received 40~42 degrees C warm water-filled bag therapy for 2 hours under radiant warmers. Infants in the control group were placed under the same kind of radiant warmers but without the warm water-filled bag. The following were measured every 30 minutes: rectal temperature, O2 demand (FiO2), and respiratory rate. Blood sugar was measured hourly.
RESULT
Body temperatures increased significantly in the experimental group (P=0.0138), and there was a difference according to time (P=0.0001). Significant difference were found between the two groups for FiO2 (P=0.0180). There was no difference in respiratory rates between the two groups and rates according to time for the experimental group were also not significant (P=0.3569). No significant difference between two groups was found for blood sugar(P=0.2152), but there was a significant difference according to the times (P=0.0001).
CONCLUSION
This results of this study indicate that a warm-filled bag is an effective means of resorting body temperature and reducing O2 demand in high risk neonates.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of group art therapy on the withdrawn behavior, social behavior, social problems, anxiousness/depression, internalizing problems, total behavior problems and self-esteem in children who are withdrawn.
METHOD
A randomized controlled pre-post test design was used. The participants were 31 children who were withdrawn attending J. P. Elementary School in Pohang City. Sixteen were assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group. The program consisted of20 sessions of 80 minutes per session, 2 days a week, for 10 weeks. Instruments used for this study were the Children's Behavior Check List -Korean version (K-CBCL) and a self-esteem inventory. The data were analyzed using Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney U test.
RESULTS
Thescores for withdrawn behavior, social problems, anxiousness/depression, internalizing problems and total behavior problems decreased significantly in the experimental group as compare to the control group. Social behavior and self-esteem increased significantly in the experimental group as compared to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence for the pontential and beneficial effects of group art therapy in children who are withdrawn. The program could be adequately used to improve problem behavior in withdrawn children.

PURPOSE
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey to identify school nurses' knowledge, educational needs and providing education about Internet addiction.
METHOD
A total of 198 school nurses working in schools located in Gyunggi Province and the cities of Ulsan, Daegu, and Pohang participated in the study. A self-report scale was used to collect data. It included 53 items measuring school nurses' knowledge, their educational needs and performing related to Internet addiction.
RESULTS
The mean score for knowledge of Internet addiction was 13.12 (SD=3.13), indicating a moderate level of knowledge. The highest frequency, 24.7% of the school nurses agreed that the computer teacher is the appropriate person to do educate on Internet addiction, followed by the school nurse with another teacher (24.2%). Only 40.4% of the nurses had any experience in providing students with education about Internet addiction. The main reason for not providing education about Internet addiction was that there was no time (57.6%). Education was reported most frequently as being provided by the class teacher (36.3%), followed by school nurse (31.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
It is important to expand the role of school nurses in preventing and responding to Internet addiction and to develop training programs designed to further develop their abilities in teaching and counseling.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify relations among the parenting stress, maternal sensitivity to infant cues, parenting environment of first-time mothers.
METHOD
The participants were 194 first-time mothers of babies aged 1-6 months who visited well-baby clinics in 5 hospitals. The data were collected from April 15 to June 15, 2003.
RESULTS
The parenting stress level was moderate with a mean score of 2.4(range 1-5). The parent domain and parent-child relationship domain of the parenting stress scale were significantly correlated with maternal sensitivity to infant feeding cues (r=-.178, p<.05; r=-.197, p<.01). Parenting stress was significantly correlated with childrearing environment(r=-2.19, p<.01). Parenting stress and childrearing environment were significantly different according to the educational level of the mothers and their prenatal care.
CONCLUSIONS
Nursing interventions to reduce parenting stress in first-time mothers are needed to improve maternal sensitivity to infant cues and childrearing environment which foster infant development.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on headaches in children.
METHOD
A quasi experimental pre-test and post (1,2,3)-test design was used. Data were collected from March 2 to April 16 2001. Forty children were assigned to an experimental (20) or control group (20). The experimental group received Hand-Acupuncture therapy on the meridian point; A30, A31, A32, A33, E8, I2, M2, M3, M5, B25, B26, B27 for each 3 minutes, while the control group rested on a bed. Data were analyzed using the SAS program with chi2-test, t-test, repeated measured ANOVA, and ANCOVA.
RESULT
In the experimental group, descriptive headache intensity (f=64.33, p=0.00), numeric headache intensity (F=74.69, 122.50, 7.52. p=0.00), and medication requirements (chi2=19.00, p=0.00) were significantly lower than those of the control group.
CONCLUSION
These findings indicate that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for reduction of headaches. Therefore, hand acupuncture therapy can be considered an independent nursing intervention for reducing headaches in children.

PURPOSE
This study was done to explore the levels of depression experienced by adolescents, and to compare health behavior between depressed and non-depressed adolescents.
METHOD
Participants were chosen by a stratified random sampling of adolescents in the second grade of a high school in P city. Levels of depression and health behavior of the students were measured using questionnaires. Data collection was done in May, 2002. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression using the SPSS WIN 10.0 Program.
RESULTS
The prevalence of depression (CES-D) among the students was 53.5%. In multiple logistic regression analysis, sex (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.35-2.41), school performance, mid (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.48-1.97) and low (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.29-1.61), drinking (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.09-1.98), and not eating breakfast (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.56-1.97) were significantly higher in students in the depressed group than those in the non-depressed group.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings, we concluded that many adolescent experience depression and depression in adolescents is significantly related to behaviors of smoking, alcohol, no exercise, and not eating breakfast. However this study did not address causality among these variables. There, further research, such as a longitudinal study, is needed to identify causality among the variables.

PURPOSE
This study examined the efficacy of parent training interventions to facilitate social reciprocity and language development in children with autism.
METHODS
The social interaction behaviors of mothers and children over time were compared using single subject design experimentation methodology. Five children who were diagnosed with autism and their mothers participated in the study. The participants were recruited from U city, Korea. The mothers were trained using training videotapes and demonstrations on how to facilitate social interaction with their children as well as promoting language development. Following the training, data were collected three times per week by video taping mother-child interaction in their homes.
RESULTS
Four of the five mothers demonstrated increases in the use of imitation with animation and expectant waiting after the intervention compared to the baseline sessions; the children demonstrated noticeable increases in the use of initiation of interaction, vocalizations, and verbal production after their mothers received the training intervention.
CONCLUSION
Results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of mother training to improve social interactions of children with autism. Additional important information can be gained by replicating this study with more participants and comparing intervention and control groups. Clearly, this intervention shows promise and has implications for clinical practice.

PURPOSE
To determine the effects of hand massage on nausea and vomiting, and anxiety in children with lymphocytic leukemia receiving high dose chemotherapy.
METHOD
The children were assigned to an experimental group(15) or a control group(15). All of the children were diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia and admitted for high dose chemotherapy at C University Medical Center in Seoul. The hand massage was performed for 10 minutes twice a day over three days. To measure the effects of hand massage, the Index of Nausea and Vomiting by Rhodes et al. and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children by Spielberger were used. The level of anxiety was measured by systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate.
RESULTS
The score for nausea and vomiting decreased in the experimental group. State anxiety for the experimental group was significantly more positive than for the control group at the 2nd measurement. There was a significant difference in systolic blood pressure between the two groups. The level of diastolic blood pressure in the two groups decreased significantly over time.
CONCLUSION
Hand massage could be effective in decreasing nausea and vomiting, state anxiety, pulse rate and blood pressure in children with acute leukemia receiving high dose chemotherapy.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the self-image of adolescents with cancer.
METHOD
This study was a descriptive study. The participants in the study were 75 adolescents recruited from four medical centers in Seoul and all were receiving cancer therapy. Korean Offer Self-Image Questionnaire was used and data were analyzed using the SPSS program.
RESULT
& CONCLUSIONS: The self-image of adolescents with cancer exists within the average range, but all groups of adolescents with cancer had a more positive self-image than Korean reference groups. The reason why adolescents with cancer showed a relatively positive self-image despite their painful experiences, is because they developed new value systems and view point through their experiences and learning to cope with their situation. This research revealed that relapse affects the self-image of adolescents and therefore it is important to note that adolescents with relapses need more intensive interventions to maintain their positive self-image. In order to help with their coping process, further research on the factors that affect self-image in adolescents with cancer is also needed.

PURPOSE
Purpose of this study was to identify the effects on maternal role strain, maternal role confidence and maternal identity of a maternal role promotion program for mothers of premature infants.
METHOD
A quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-and-post test was used to compare the two groups. The data were collected from 62 mothers from September 10. 2003 to August 30, 2004 at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit(NICU) located in S. city and K. city. The maternal role promotion program was provided three times during the period from two-three days after the baby's admission to 1 month after the baby's discharge. The instruments for measurement were the Perceived Role Difficulty & Steffensmeier Scale, Self Confidence Scale and Semantic Differential Scale. Data were analyzed by means of frequency, mean and SD, x2-test and t-test.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in maternal role strain level between the experimental and control group (t=2.163, p=.035), in the maternal role confidence between the two groups(t=-5.645, p=.000) and in maternal identity between the two groups(t=-4.923, p=.000).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that the maternal role promotion program had positive effects in decreasing maternal role strain levels and increasing maternal role confidence and maternal identity.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on weight of premature infants when Yakson therapy was conducted by mothers and also to measure role confidence and role satisfaction of the mothers.
METHOD
A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. The data were collected from January to July, 2005. Thirty preterm infants and mothers were assigned to either an experimental (15) or a control group (15). Yakson therapy consists of three phases: laying on of hands, caressing by hands, and laying on of hands again, each phase taking 5 minutes. Yakson therapy was provided to infants in the experimental group for 15-minutes 5 times a day for 15 days. Infant weight, mothers' role confidence and satisfaction with role were measured for both groups.
RESULTS
Compared to the control group, weight gain of infants in the experimental group (t=2.05, p=.049) was significantly increased after 15 days. The experimental group also had significantly higher scores in mothers' role confidence (t=1.98, p=.038).
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that Yakson therapy can be used to increase weight gain in preterm infants and improve the role confidence of mothers.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on pain of distraction with an operating doll in preschool children(3-6 years old) during an IV catheter insertion.
METHOD
The research design was a nonequivalent control group posttest design, and the participants were 22 children in the experimental group, and 23 children in the control group. The children were hospitalized for enteritis and pharyngitis in a university hospital. The subjective pain was measured using FACES Pain Rating Scale by self report, and the pain behavior responses were scored using Procedure Behavior Check List by observing a film of the entire procedure, and changes in pulse and oxygen saturation as the physiological pain responses were measured by pulse oximeter. Data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 10.0 program.
RESULT
The degree of subjective pain, pain behavior responses, and changes in pulse during IV catheter insertion were significantly lower in the experimental group. But there was no significant difference in O2 saturation between the two groups.
CONCLUSION
Distraction using an operating doll was effective in decreasing pain during inserting the IV catheter in preschool children.